Under the "dual carbon" goals, urban parks, as important green infrastructure, play an increasingly prominent role in addressing climate change through their carbon sequestration functions. Research has shown that plants in green spaces can absorb a portion of carbon emissions in urban areas, achieving carbon neutrality when the carbon sequestration capacity of plants offsets the carbon emissions. However, the timing of when park green spaces can achieve carbon neutrality has been rarely studied, and existing research faces limitations in guiding engineering practices. Despite numerous scholars calculating annual carbon sequestration rates, the growth rate of trees is not linearly increasing, and current studies often overlook the massive embedded carbon emissions from park buildings despite their small footprint, leading to incomplete assessments. This study aims to develop a carbon neutrality timing prediction model based on the bill of quantities. To ensure the model's applicability across different climate zones, we collected engineering quantity lists and design drawings from 20 park projects in eastern and southern China, extracting seedling specifications, quantities, and building material data. We calculated the carbon sequestration increment of each tree within a specified period based on the diameter at breast height (DBH) - biomass allometric growth equation, and established a fitting equation with the increment of DBH (ΔDBH). The model utilizes the Chapman-Richards growth equation to simulate the non-linear growth process of trees, accounting for the fact that tree growth rates decrease with age rather than maintaining linear progression. Subsequently, by setting the carbon emissions from buildings in the park as the target, we used the fitting equation to solve for the remaining ΔDBH and infer the duration of tree growth required to achieve carbon neutrality, thereby predicting the timing of carbon neutrality. The specifications of trees and buildings in two virtual parks (A and B) are based on project data from parks in eastern and southern China and are applied in the validation of the prediction model. After data standardization, Parks A and B showed carbon sequestration capacities of 2,371.65 and 2,156.29 t, respectively, while their building carbon emissions reached 6,485.64 and 6,198.42 t, respectively. Current carbon sequestration only offsets approximately 35% of building carbon emissions in both parks. The results indicate that the predicted dates for both parks to achieve carbon neutrality (October 2038 and April 2035) are significantly later than the dates predicted directly based on linear carbon sequestration rates (April 2032 and May 2030), with error margins of 56.7% and 57.7%, respectively. Park A requires an additional 9.8 cm DBH growth per tree, while Park B needs 8.9 cm growth per tree. Economic analysis revealed that the total construction costs (seedlings + building materials) were 15.84 million and 20.26 million yuan for Parks A and B, respectively, with current ecological economic benefits of 3.46 million and 3.15 million yuan, indicating that ecological benefit balance points would be reached earlier than carbon neutrality timing. The study integrated the data processing and calculation workflow into a Python-based software tool, enabling automated analysis from engineering list import to result visualization. This paper emphasizes that achieving carbon neutrality solely through tree carbon sinks requires an extremely long time period, and the carbon neutrality duration can be significantly shortened by using local materials and zero-carbon building materials such as Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). When different proportions of conventional building materials are replaced with CLT, the carbon neutrality timeline can be substantially reduced, with complete replacement potentially achieving immediate carbon neutrality. This research provides a carbon neutrality prediction model and methodology for urban park development, which can be directly calculated based on the bill of quantities, significantly reducing workload and offering practical guidance for optimizing solutions for enterprises and decision-makers in low-carbon oriented park design and management.

In recent decades, contemporary urban renewal has gradually moved away from the conventional paradigm of large-scale demolition and reconstruction and has entered a phase characterized by incremental development and fine-grained spatial intervention. As the basic spatial and social unit of the city, the community plays a critical role in supporting refined urban development, maintaining social cohesion, and safeguarding residents' everyday well-being. In parallel with this shift, the governance model of co-construction, co-governance, and co-sharing, which emphasizes the integration of diverse social resources and the active involvement of residents, has become a widely adopted approach in both policy discourse and practical implementation. Although a wide range of flexible and participatory community renewal initiatives have been launched in recent years, many of these projects encounter difficulties in sustaining spatial quality and social vitality over time, often due to limited maintenance capacity and the absence of long-term operational mechanisms. In response to these challenges, this study conducted a community garden co-creation experiment at the Neighborly Gate Garden in Shanghai, using it as an empirical case to explore whether micro-renewal practices guided by participatory principles and a sustainability-oriented framework can effectively support the long-term operation and stewardship of community spaces. Grounded in sustainability theory, the research established a four-dimensional analytical framework encompassing ecological sustainability, cultural-spiritual sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability. This framework was employed to structure both the design of the experiment and the subsequent evaluation of its outcomes. Methodologically, the study adopted a mixed research approach that combined interdisciplinary analysis with participatory observation, enabling a systematic documentation of the planning process, implementation stages, and post-intervention conditions of the community garden. The findings indicate that public participation informed by sustainability principles can significantly enhance residents' willingness to engage in community affairs, reduce the financial burden on local governments, and improve short-term site maintenance outcomes. However, the study also reveals that the capacity of self-organized groups to independently sustain long-term maintenance remains limited. Longitudinal observations suggest that enduring stewardship of community micro-spaces still depends on continuous policy support, institutional guidance, and stable resource input from the top down. The experiment further reveals that participants of different ages and identities demonstrated distinct levels of engagement at various stages; public activities with artistic or general attributes were more effective in stimulating participation among residents and children than those requiring specialized expertise; and a degree of positive correlation emerged between the condition of site maintenance and residents' digital engagement in community platforms. Based on the empirical observations and the organizational experience accumulated during the experiment, the study proposes a set of strategies with potential transferability and replicability. These include ecological sustainability strategies focused on strengthening residents' ecological knowledge, establishing designated points for sustainable material sorting, and recommending appropriate sustainable materials; cultural-spiritual strategies that clarify organizational pathways across different participation stages and foster a shared sense of belonging among diverse groups; economic sustainability strategies that emphasize multi-actor governance, cost optimization, and the diversification of community-based economic activities; and social sustainability strategies that integrate top-down policy support, bottom-up self-organization, and the cultivation of responsible teams and community compacts. Through the design of this co-creation experiment and the articulation of strategies within a four-dimensional sustainability framework, this study aims to enhance the artistic, public, and sustainable qualities of community micro-spaces and to provide practical insights for future research and community renewal practice.

Drawing on phenomenological theory and concrete cases of socially engaged design, this article seeks to describe an action script termed "Leveraging (Qiaodong)", offering a theoretical perspective for attending to and understanding seemingly localized and small-scale social actions that nonetheless have the potential to generate ongoing change, such as beginning to cultivate a garden on an unused plot of land. Such actions do not usually originate from clearly defined, comprehensive plans. Instead, they emerge in situations where people confront limited conditions, insufficient resources, or complex social problems that cannot be directly resolved. Rather than aiming to "solve" problems, actors initiate actions that are immediately doable and capable of being taken up in the present, gradually reopening possibilities for further action. In the process of continuing to do things, actors often develop a sense of guidance or handiness, which is a feeling of "there are more things to do". This sense does not arise from certainty about outcomes, but from a directional momentum that takes shape through action itself. It helps reorganize attention toward one's surroundings and toward others, sustaining engagement amid uncertainty. Through such processes, localized actions may become noticeable to others, invite participation, and elicit responses, thereby gradually stimulating broader forms of public collaboration and the emergence of public life. The central question of this article is how such seemingly minor, low-threshold actions accumulate social effects over time, reorganize attention, and respond to long-standing social problems that are structurally complex and resistant to direct solutions. Theoretically, this article situates itself within contemporary discussions of co-design, while entering into dialogue with phenomenological traditions associated with Heidegger, Ingold, and Gibson. The discussion is grounded in a series of concrete cases observed or participated in by the author between 2022 and 2024, including socially engaged design initiatives such as community gardening, publicly engaged art projects, and design workshops. The articulation of leveraging as an action script is not intended to introduce a new method for participatory design. Rather, it aims to provide conceptual language for an action mode that is already widely present in everyday life and professional practice, yet often remains under-theorized. By foregrounding leveraging, the article seeks to support readers in becoming more attentive to how one action gives rise to another, and how action unfolds through mutual responsiveness within concrete situations. To elaborate on this script, the article addresses three interrelated questions. The first two concern epistemology: how can we narrate change as it unfolds through action without reducing it to linear causality, and how can small-scale actions in everyday life be taken seriously as forms of design practice? The third question concerns the ethics of action: when social problems cannot be directly solved, should the responsibility of design still be framed in terms of problem-solving, or should it instead be understood as a sustained capacity to respond to concrete lived situations?

In ecologically sensitive and geographically constrained plateau regions, the dynamic relationship between cities and lakes constitutes a fundamental driver of regional sustainability. These landscapes exist in a state of deep interdependence, where the symbiotic interfaces - the transitional zones where urban and lacustrine systems converge-serve as vital arenas for continuous material and energy flows, as well as profound land use and land cover changes. The spatial configuration and functional management of these interfaces are therefore of paramount importance, directly influencing urban ecological resilience, biodiversity, microclimate regulation, and ultimately, the quality of human habitation. Focusing on the emblematic plateau lake-city system of Kunming and Dianchi Lake, this research employs a longitudinal, spatially-explicit analytical framework to unravel the complex co-evolution of urban development and lake ecology. By integrating multi-source remote sensing imagery, geographic information system (GIS) techniques, and statistical data spanning from 1990 to 2020, we systematically quantified the spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion and lakeshore transformation. The core of our analysis lies in applying a coupled coordination degree model to evaluate the synergistic symbiosis level of the city-lake landscape system, moving beyond descriptive analysis to a quantified assessment of system harmony. The principal findings of this study reveal a nuanced trajectory of interaction and co-adaptation: 1) Spatial-Temporal Dynamics: The evolving tension and negotiation between urban spatial growth and the imperative for lake ecological protection have been the dominant force reshaping the landscape symbiotic interfaces. This has manifested in cyclical patterns of encroachment, retreat, and stabilization, fundamentally altering the structure and functionality of these critical edge zones. 2) Evolution of Synergy: The city-lake landscape relationship has undergone a significant qualitative shift, transitioning from a prolonged period of disharmony and maladjustment (characterized by urban sprawl at the expense of lake health) to an emerging phase of preliminary coordination and mutualism in recent years. Nevertheless, this coordinated state remains fragile and nascent, with the calculated coordination index indicating substantial scope for progression towards a more robust and stable symbiotic regime. 3) Multifaceted Drivers: The pathway towards synergistic development is not deterministic but is mediated by a complex, hierarchical set of interacting factors. Our analysis identifies a confluence of drivers including macro-level economic and demographic policies, the immutable constraints and opportunities presented by the natural terrain and hydrological environment, and the tangible impacts of specific urban planning decisions and construction activities. In conclusion, fostering ecologically livable cities in fragile plateau lake regions requires a holistic, system-level governance approach. This study posits that future strategies must pivot towards two synergistic core pillars: firstly, the intentional enhancement of ecosystem service quality through ecological restoration, blue-green infrastructure networks, and sustainable land use planning within the symbiotic interfaces; and secondly, the implementation of integrated, watershed-scale governance mechanisms that transcend administrative boundaries. Such mechanisms should coordinate water resource management, pollution control, spatial planning, and socio-economic development to align human activities with the carrying capacity of the lake ecosystem, thereby securing a sustainable and synergistic future for plateau city-lake landscapes. Notwithstanding these contributions and policy implications, this study acknowledges certain limitations. The construction of assessment indicators for the city-lake system was constrained by the availability and continuity of spatiotemporal data. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms driving city-lake symbiosis were primarily explored through qualitative analysis, warranting future quantification and mechanistic modeling. Looking ahead, we propose that future research adopt a more systematic and in-depth perspective to explore the synergistic co-evolution between the entire Dianchi water system-encompassing its tributaries, catchment, and hydrological cycles - and the urban fabric, which would further illuminate pathways toward sustainable coexistence in complex plateau lake basins.

As important supplementary green spaces in high-density urban environments, sky gardens have been increasingly recognized for their potential to promote public physical and mental health. Existing studies have preliminarily evidenced their restorative benefits; however, the underlying mechanisms linking spatial environmental characteristics, physiological responses, and psychological perceptions remain insufficiently understood. In particular, there is still a lack of evidence-based guidance at the level of specific spatial elements, which limits the translation of theoretical findings into practical design and optimization strategies. Against this background, this study takes sky gardens as a research object and aims to systematically measure, interpret, and optimize their restorative benefits from an integrated "spatial-physiological-psychological" perspective. First, drawing on computer vision-based semantic segmentation and a comprehensive literature review, key spatial composition elements and restorative indicators of sky gardens are identified, providing a quantitative foundation for subsequent analysis. Based on this framework, eye-tracking experiments are conducted to capture individuals' visual physiological responses during restorative processes, including attention allocation and visual stress indicators. Meanwhile, psychological restorative perceptions are assessed using the perceived restorativeness scale, covering dimensions such as being away, fascination, coherence, and compatibility. By integrating objective physiological data and subjective psychological evaluations, this study constructs a hierarchical association model linking spatial attributes, visual physiological responses, and psychological restorative outcomes. Subsequently, the proposed "spatia-physiological-psychological" model is applied to different types of sky gardens to identify key spatial indicators that significantly influence restorative benefits. To further enhance the applicability of the findings, an importance-performance analysis (IPA) is employed to distinguish priority spatial elements that require targeted intervention and optimization in design practice. This approach allows not only the identification of influential factors, but also the formulation of practical strategies for improving restorative performance under constrained urban conditions. The results reveal several notable patterns. First, spatial scale and visual depth are identified as critical factors in alleviating visual physiological stress, indicating that appropriate spatial openness and depth perception play a vital role in reducing visual load. Second, sky gardens designed at an embodied scale significantly enhance psychological restorative experiences, particularly in terms of temporarily forgetting responsibilities and obligations, alleviating fear and tension, and fostering immersive engagement with the environment. Third, users generally demonstrate a high level of acceptance of sky gardens within high-density urban living contexts. Among spatial attributes, void-to-solid ratio, sky openness, and facility cleanliness exhibit consistently positive effects on restorative benefits. In contrast, the effects of green landscapes are found to be dual in nature, showing both positive and negative influences depending on their spatial configuration and quality. This finding highlights the necessity of flexibly selecting appropriate indicators to represent greenery quality rather than relying solely on quantity-based measures. Overall, this study provides an integrated analytical framework for understanding and optimizing the restorative benefits of sky gardens by bridging spatial design, physiological responses, and psychological perceptions. By combining computer vision techniques, eye-tracking data, and subjective evaluations, the research offers evidence-based insights that support more precise spatial control and targeted design interventions. The findings contribute not only to the theoretical understanding of restorative environments in high-density cities, but also to the practical guidance for designing and upgrading sky gardens to better support public health and well-being.

Under the global aspiration for carbon neutrality, enhancing urban carbon sink capacity has become an increasingly critical focus for nations worldwide. As urbanization continues at an unprecedented pace globally, the rapid expansion of cities has led to notable changes in land use patterns and increased habitat fragmentation, thereby exerting profound impacts on regional carbon balances. The development and optimization of ecological networks have emerged as vital strategies for safeguarding ecological security and promoting sustainable development. In recent years, an expanding body of research has demonstrated that ecological network construction is closely linked to the enhancement of urban ecosystems' carbon sequestration capacities, confirming that it is an effective approach to achieving the overarching goal of global carbon neutrality. The cities within the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), a prominent emblem of China's modernization, exemplify typical conflicts between urban expansion and ecological preservation. These conflicts highlight the urgency of adopting integrated ecological planning to reconcile urban growth with ecological integrity. In this context, the present study selects Suzhou, a key city in the YRD, as a case to investigate ecological network construction and optimization. Employing the mainstream "ecological source areas-ecological resistance surface-ecological corridors" framework, the research identifies critical ecological sources through morphological spatial pattern analysis and landscape connectivity indices. 8 factors - including dem, slope, NDVI, population density, land use, land cover, and so on - are incorporated to comprehensively evaluate landscape resistance. Using a least-cost path model, a combined ecological resistance surface is developed to quantify landscape resistance. Building upon this, core ecological corridors are extracted utilizing circuit theory and gravity models, enabling the identification of key pathways for ecological flow and connectivity. These corridors form the backbone of Suzhou's ecological network system, designed to enhance habitat connectivity and ecological stability. Subsequently, complex network theory is introduced to model the ecological topological network of Suzhou, facilitating an analysis of its structural features and their relationship with carbon sequestration capacity. Metrics such as degree centrality, clustering coefficient, and eigenvector centrality are employed to examine the network's topological roles and their influence on ecological function. The analysis reveals that Suzhou's ecological network exhibits typical water-network spatial characteristics, with primary source habitats mainly comprising lakes and forests. Ecological corridors are predominantly aligned along urban rivers and tributaries, yet the spatial distribution of ecological resources displays a notable imbalance. Correlation analyses demonstrate that the carbon sequestration capacity of ecological sources is significantly positively related to network characteristics such as degree, clustering coefficient, and eigenvector centrality. Improving these metrics - by adding ecological "stepping stones" and expanding corridors - proves effective in enhancing the network's overall carbon sequestration function. Based on the above findings, the study proposes a series of ecological network optimization strategies aimed at ecological function restoration and carbon sequestration capacity enhancement. Notably, 11 ecological stepping stones and 15 new corridors are incorporated into the network. Robustness assessments - evaluating the network's resilience and attack tolerance - show that the optimized network demonstrates higher stability and resistance against disturbances, confirming the scientific validity and practical feasibility of the optimization approach. These results validate that targeted ecological network modifications can enhance its resilience and carbon sequestration capacity. The study's outcome highlights that Suzhou's ecological network embodies a water-centric spatial pattern, with key ecological sources mainly being lakes and forests, and corridors predominantly along rivers. Although the spatial distribution of ecological resources remains uneven, targeted interventions through adding stepping stones and corridors can significantly enhance the network's carbon sequestration ability. The research aims to deepen understanding of the spatial relationship between ecological topological structures and carbon sequestration capacity, providing a scientific foundation for ecological network optimization centered on ecological function recovery and carbon storage enhancement. Overall, this study offers valuable insights for optimizing urban ecological networks in water-rich cities, with significant implications for regional ecological resilience, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sink functions. The findings hold important theoretical and practical significance for advancing urban ecological planning and contributing to the broader goals of ecological security and climate change mitigation.

Addressing the Land-Sea Coordination plan and the development of resilient cities, the systematic identification and dynamic evaluation of damaged coastal landscape areas have increasingly emerged as critical concerns for the high-quality advancement of coastal city landscapes in China. Damaged space, which exhibits clear signs of problems such as reduced function, weakened structure, and lower health in coastal landscapes, is the primary target for assessing the quality and strength of urban coastal areas. In recent years, mechanisms for evaluating environmental quality, exemplified by Urban Physical Examination, have been progressively and comprehensively refined. These identified mechanisms may offer technical support for the identification, assessment, and management of degraded landscape areas and facilitate the transition of coastal landscape research from static evaluation to systematic diagnosis and targeted governance. Despite the rapid advancement of spatial analysis and prediction technologies, it is of paramount importance to develop quantitative, parameterized methods and tools tailored to the needs of damaged landscapes. This development is essential for the precise identification, characterization, and analysis of coastal landscape damage, as well as for effectively interpreting driving mechanisms and ultimately improving the efficacy of decision-making in urban coastal landscape regulation strategies. This study addresses current challenges in research on damaged coastal landscapes, including insufficient systematic analysis, incomplete identification systems, low simulation accuracy, and unclear regulatory strategies. This study integrates landscape resilience theory with existing research in landscape ecology. The researcher concentrates explicitly on elucidating the dynamic evolution patterns inherent in coastal city landscapes and seeks to establish a robust technical framework for the identification and representation of damaged coastal landscape spaces. Regarding the research methodology, the PLUS model is adopted to develop a dynamic simulation and representation analysis system that is specifically designed for landscape degradation. By leveraging GIS platforms to integrate land-use transfer matrix analysis and spatial autocorrelation techniques, this study distills core degradation trends and reveals spatial aggregation patterns. Additionally, it incorporates both single-factor and interaction-detection algorithms from geographic detector models to conduct precise identification, dynamic simulation, and mechanistic analysis of degradation spaces within urban coastal landscapes. In terms of empirical investigation, the researcher specifically selected the coastal zone of Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province to conduct a representative case study. Specifically, landscape-type data spanning 2010-2020, together with a comprehensive database of natural and socio-economic driving factors, were used for the assessment. The PLUS model and geographic detector were employed to simulate and analyze the evolutionary trajectories and spatial clustering characteristics of degraded areas. The analytical process then examined the pathways of landscape transformation and assessed the impacts of various driving processes. The empirical findings of this study reveal that damaged landscape areas within the study region exhibit a general spatial pattern characterized by aggregation along the coastline and expansion toward the interior. Specific locales, including coastal wetlands, reclaimed land areas, and the peripheries of urban expansion zones, are identified as notably high-value clusters of landscape degradation. Among natural landscape types, forests and wetlands have undergone considerable damage. The results from factor detection indicate that vegetation cover scale, climatic temperature conditions, population density, and land-use changes are the primary determinants of the evolution of degraded areas. These factors demonstrate not only significant individual explanatory power but also notable synergistic effects and interactive influences. Consequently, restoration and rehabilitation initiatives should be executed in a scientifically coordinated manner. In addition, strategic focus should be directed towards the multi-level governance of affected landscape areas and the integrated management of the principal driving variables and their interaction mechanisms. This paper presents a methodological framework for identifying and representing damaged coastal landscapes using the PLUS model. This framework allows researchers to perform accurate detection and simulation of damaged areas by integrating multi-source spatiotemporal data. Apart from that, the proposed approach offers robust technical support for the systematic diagnosis and strategic spatial planning of urban coastal landscapes. Furthermore, this paper provides a replicable methodological reference for future practices in landscape assessment, monitoring, and regulatory decision-making. The study results can also offer contributions to the broader goals of sustainable coastal zone management and resilient urban development.

Phylogenetics, originally developed from the life sciences, investigates the entire lifecycle of organisms, thereby uncovering the evolutionary traits and patterns of their subjects of study. Spatial-Temporal characteristics of traditional settlement landscape from the perspective of phylogenetics are helpful to analyze the spatial characteristics of traditional settlement landscape from the dual dimensions of the constantly updated dynamic construction process and the synchronic characteristics formed by spatial superposition, and further clarify the mechanism affecting the Spatial-Temporal characteristics of traditional settlement landscape. Taking the traditional commercial settlement Baimazhai village in Fengcheng, Jiangxi as the research object, the historical environment is regarded as a process of dynamic construction, restoring the historical landscape form of settlements under the influence of "dual commercial activities" from a phylogenetics standpoint, and carried out for the construction of historical landscape of the settlement space is "time evolution" and "spatial congruence" models from the perspective of commercial trade, and presenting a complex system of "multilayered spatiotemporal integration". The results show that: 1) From the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to modern times, Baimazhai village saw major geographical modifications as a result of natural circumstances, sociocultural causes, and economic growth, considering the impact of Baimazhai village's commercial activities, this study projects historical elements observed in the synchronic state into the diachronic evolution of the village, thus reconstructing its historical spatial development. The evolution process has gone through four stages: the relocation of the foundation period: the beginning of the dragon vein and the separation of sides; During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty: the houses are lined up horizontally and in a row; During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty: distributed like a comb and clearly partitioned; Modern: differentiation and integration with blurred partitions. 2) In terms of site selection and construction, Baima Village's ancestors stressed the harmonious relationship of humans and environment, landscape care/Yin-Harmonizing/ancestral temple ceremonial/social interaction/defensive barrier, clan faction, and housing structure landscape space. These zones gradually overlapped and blended, resulting in a village environment distinguished by its proximity to natural landscapes, a rich historical setting, and a community living in harmony and prosperity. 3) The historical landscape of the settlement presents the following three characteristics, namely, "circle-based" + "orderly" landscape space system, "center + group" patriarchal cultural landscape space, and "village-fort-style" + "row-type" combination form. 4) Baimazhai village is more than just a traditional settlement; its evolution is governed by multiple interwoven mechanisms. Firstly, endogenous evolution is primarily fueled by clan kinship, serving as both the evolutionary drive and the connective tissue for spatial development, fundamentally shaping the expansion of social spaces within the settlement. Secondly, embedded evolution is driven by distinctive features, characterized by the strategic incorporation of functional and event-specific spaces, tailored to suit local conditions. The third mechanism, mediated evolution, is propelled by historical events, resulting in the integration of institutional and anticipatory spaces designed for collaborative engagement. Baima Village's development is influenced both by its internal clan dynamics and by external pressures such as merchant guild activities, warfare, and resource disputes. These elements are projected into the settlement's form through its spatial organization, where they interact and coalesce to shape the overall spatial configuration of the settlement, imbuing it with distinct regional cultural significance. Using phylogenetic approaches to investigate its geographical development process, features, and driving forces is conducive to fully understanding the value characteristics of dual-merchant settlements and further deepening the theoretical research system of traditional settlements landscape.

This study delves into the intricate mechanisms by which park landscape elements and their combinations exert influence on the heart rate and speed of individuals engaged in fitness walking, taking into account diverse demographic attributes and various types of walking activities. In modern society, as more people turn to park walking for fitness, understanding these mechanisms is of utmost importance for optimizing park design and promoting healthy lifestyles. By uncovering these relationships, the research endeavors to offer well-founded scientific recommendations for the planning and design of park pathways that are highly suitable for fitness walking. This, in turn, will assist individuals with different fitness requirements to make informed and rational choices when selecting park walking routes. The research methodology was comprehensive and systematic. First, advanced web scraping techniques were utilized to gather user data from the Strava platform. This data pertained to individuals who had recorded fitness walking activities within Shanghai Century Park. It included detailed personal characteristics such as gender, age, and weight, as well as crucial exercise metrics like heart rate and speed. Second, an on-site field photography campaign was carried out at Century Park. High-resolution landscape images were captured, and then semantic segmentation technology was applied. This technology was crucial in precisely identifying and quantifying 17 distinct landscape elements, ranging from natural elements like water bodies and mountains to man-made elements such as benches and pavilions. Subsequently, the participants were carefully categorized into multiple groups based on gender, age, weight, and the specific type of walking activity, whether it was a leisurely walk or a brisk run. Finally, Spearman's correlation analysis was meticulously carried out to explore the quantitative relationships between heart rate, speed, and the 17 landscape elements across all the different groups. The analysis yielded several significant findings. Firstly, it was discovered that the impact of the same landscape element on the physiological indicators of walkers varied minimally between genders. This implies that in park pathway planning and design, there is no need for gender-specific adjustments to landscape elements. Secondly, landscape combinations dominated by sky, herbaceous plants, and trees were shown to be highly effective in stabilizing the heart rate of elderly individuals during walking. The serene and comfortable environment created by these combinations helps the elderly maintain a steady physiological state. Thirdly, semi-enclosed pathways dominated by trees were found to be more effective in increasing the heart rate and speed of individuals with higher body weight. These paths add an element of spatial interest and a mild challenge, which encourages greater exercise engagement. Fourthly, natural-style routes featuring pedestrian pathways supplemented by trees and sky elements were more suitable for walking, while paths with a larger sky view, minimal tree obstruction, and greater width were better for running. This provides clear guidance for individuals to choose the most appropriate routes based on their walking activities. In conclusion, the findings of this study offer targeted and practical recommendations for the planning and design of park pathways. When designing park pathways, it is essential to fully consider the diverse needs associated with different demographic attributes and types of walking activities. By rationally configuring landscape elements and their combinations, the suitability of park pathways for fitness walking can be significantly improved. This will ultimately contribute to promoting scientific and healthy walking practices among a wide range of population groups, enhancing the overall well - being of park visitors.