To investigate the health benefits of 24-hour activity behavioral changes on the physical shape and cardiorespiratory endurance of middle school students with central obesity, so as to provide a basis for improving the health status of middle school students with central obesity.

From October to December 2022, a total of 362 middle school students with central obesity were recruited from 4 middle schools (2 senior high schools and 2 junior high schools) in Dalian by using the random number table method. The 24-hour activity behavior was understood using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The height, weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, lung capacity, heart function index, maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) of the subjects were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. Physical shape and cardiorespiratory endurance indicators were normalized, and the component regression was used to explore the correlation between 24-hour activity behavior and physical shape, as well as cardiorespiratory endurance; finally, an isochronous replacement model was established.

The results of the component regression showed that sleep of the participants was positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and WHtR (β=2.35, 5.21, 0.01); and sedentary behavior (SB) was negatively correlated with lung capacity and VO_2max (β=-392.45, -1.01), and positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, WHtR, body fat percentage and cardiac function index (β=4.67, 5.10, 0.14, 3.53, 0.29) (P < 0.05). Low physical activity (LPA) was negatively correlated with BMI, WHtR, body fat percentage and cardiac function index (β=-2.03, -3.70, -0.82), and positively correlated with lung capacity and VO_2max (β=322.23, 0.50) (P < 0.05). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) had a negative correlation with BMI, waist circumference, WHtR, body fat percentage and heart function index (β=-0.48, -1.20, -0.20, -4.53, -1.12), and a positive correlation with lung capacity and VO_2max (β=393.13, 1.51) (P < 0.05). Increasing MVPA for 30 minutes while reducing SB resulted in a decrease of 0.17-2.05 units in BMI, waist circumference, WHtR, body fat percentage and heart function index, and an increase of 0.38-0.43 units in lung capacity and VO_2max (P < 0.05). When MVPA was replaced by SB, the negative benefits were the greatest, with BMI, waist circumference, WHtR, body fat percentage and heart function index increasing by 0.23-3.06 units (P < 0.05).

Shifts in the 24-hour behavior pattern among obese middle school students may result in significant health benefits. Increasing MVPA by 30 minutes per day while reducing SB can reduce waist circumference, WHtR and body fat percentage, while also improve cardiorespiratory endurance.

To investigate the current status of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding drinking water among primary school students in rural areas of China, so as to provide scientific basis for implementing health interventions related to drinking water.

From November to December 2023, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 6 354 fourth to sixth grade primary school students in Shanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Gansu for a questionnaire survey. A uniformly designed questionnaire (including basic information, drinking water-related knowledge, attitudes and practices indicators) was distributed and completed by the students themselves. The χ² test was used to analyze the differences in drinking water-related indicators among students of different gender and boarder, and Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of drinking water practices among students.

Among the indicators of drinking water knowledge, the awareness rate of appropriate daily water intake for respective student age groups was the lowest (27.90%). The awareness rate among nonresident students was significantly higher than that among boarding students (31.29%, 15.49%, χ²=132.75, P < 0.01). Regarding attitudes toward drinking water, 13.33% of the students believed that well water or tap water could be drunk directly, and 9.58% believed that going to the toilet at school was troublesome. Regarding practices, the self-reported water intake among students was 1 000 (600, 1 200) mL. The results of multifactorial Logistic regression showed that higher grades (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.34-1.92), nonresident students (OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.15-1.52), northern region (OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.27-1.61), knowledge of appropriate daily water intake (OR=1.41, 95%CI=1.24-1.60), drinking temperature (OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.28-1.60), scientific hydration methods (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.08-1.44), and adopting scientific hydration methods regularly (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.50-2.04) were the independent influences on daily water intake attainment (P < 0.05).

Rural primary school students lack knowledge about healthy drinking water, have cognitive biases about safe drinking water and exhibit unhealthy drinking behavior. It is suggested that health education be carried out in combination with the characteristics of students to enhance their drinking water literacy.

To investigate the levels of knowledge and skills in infectious diseases among school doctors and health teachers in Beijing's primary and secondary schools in 2023, and analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide a reference basis for enhancing the professional competencies of school doctors and health teachers.

From October to November 2023, a census method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among all school doctors and health teachers in 16 districts of Beijing. Chi-square tests and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used perform statistical analysis.

The awareness rate of infectious disease-related knowledge among school doctors and health teachers in primary and secondary schools in Beijing in 2023 ranged from 34.44% to 98.57%, while the behavior formation rate ranged from 65.90% to 98.64%. The proportions of those with literacy in infectious disease knowledge and behavior among school doctors and health teachers were 82.76% and 85.70%, respectively. Multivariate Logistics regression analysis showed that being a full-time employee, having a bachelor's degree or above, and holding a senior professional title were positively correlated with having literacy in infectious disease knowledge (OR=1.76, 2.57, 1.42, P < 0.01). Compared to medical professionals, those in education and other professions were negatively correlated with having literacy in infectious disease knowledge (OR=0.37, 0.55, P < 0.01). Being a full-time employee, being female, and age were positively correlated with having literacy in infectious disease behavior (OR=1.66, 2.18, 1.02, P < 0.01).

The level of health literacy for infectious diseases among school doctors in Beijing primary and secondary schools is relatively high. Targeted training on key professional knowledge and skills should be prioritized for individuals with deficiencies in infectious disease prevention and control.

To develop a health literacy evaluation scale for Chinese high school students, providing a tool for dynamic monitoring of health literacy among high school students and evaluating the effectiveness of health school construction.

Through theoretical research, an evaluation index system for health literacy of Chinese high school students was constructed. Two rounds of Delphi expert consultations were conducted to quantitatively screen the items, and the item pool was revised based on expert opinions to compile the health literacy evaluation scale for Chinese students. Two focus group interviews were held to collect suggestions from health educators, high school teachers, and high school students regarding optimized scale length, question types, difficulty and wording of the scale. The scale was revised accordingly. A pilot survey was conducted in Beijing and Tianjin in November 2024, and the reliability and validity of the scale were evaluated based on the pilot survey data.

The response rate in both rounds of Delphi expert consultations was over 80%, and the expert authority coefficient was over 0.70. The expert opinions were highly concentrated, and the dispersion was small. The revised item pool based on expert opinions contained 39 items. The revised scale based on the suggestions and opinions collected from the focus group interviews had a moderate number of questions and difficulty level. The pilot survey obtained 800 valid responses, with the response rate of 89.39%. The Cronbach α coefficient of the scale was 0.911, χ²/df=3.321, the root mean square error of approximation was 0.054, the adjusted goodness-of-fit index was 0.991, and the factor loadings of some items were less than 0.40.

The health literacy evaluation scale for Chinese high school students demonstrates scientific rigor and practical applicability, with good internal consistency and structural validity.

To explore the correlation among picky eating levels in preschool children, parental self-efficacy and parenting stress.

A convenience sampling method was employed to conduct an electronic questionnaire survey among 459 children aged 3-6 years and their parents from five kindergartens in Urumqi in November 2023. The survey included a general information questionnaire, the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for two-group comparisons, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied for multi-group comparisons. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between children's picky eating levels and parenting self-efficacy as well as parenting stress.

The picky eating score of preschool children was 10.00 (4.00), and the parenting self-efficacy score was 58.00 (12.00), both indicating a moderate level. The parenting stress score was 75.00 (16.00), reflecting a moderately low level. Spearman correlation analysis showed that children's picky eating levels were negatively correlated with the total score of parenting self-efficacy (r=-0.28) and positively correlated with the total score of parenting stress(r=0.25)(P < 0.01).

Picky eating levels of preschool children are closely associated with parenting self-efficacy and parenting stress. Picky eating behaviors in children can be reduced by implementing various effective measures to enhance parenting self-efficacy and alleviate parenting stress.

To explore the relationship between school sports environment and physical activity levels of middle school students, so as to provide theoretical and empirical support for optimizing school sports environment and enhance adolescent physical activity.

Using multi-stage random cluster sampling, from September to December 2023, 1 329 junior and senior high school students from Xuancheng City of Anhui Province, Lianyungang City of Jiangsu Province, Wuhan City of Hubei Province, Qiqihar City and Suihua City of Heilongjiang Province, and Shenzhen City of Guangdong Province were selected. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) assessed students' physical activity levels, and the questionnaire on the characteristics of school sports environment was developed to evaluate the factors of school sports environment. Multivariate ordered Logistic regression was performed to analyze the correlation between school sports environment factors and physical activity levels, and the analytic hierarchy process determined the weight of key influencing factors.

The results showed that weekly vigorous physical activity time was [60 (25, 90)] minutes, moderate physical activity time was [60 (30, 90)] minutes, light physical activity time was [105 (40, 200)] minutes, and sedentary behavior time was [3 300 (2 100, 4 500)] minutes, only 10.53% of the students met World Health Organization physical activity recommendations, and 89.69% of the students averaged >8 h daily sedentary time. Multivariate ordered Logistic regression showed that adequate sports equipment significantly promoted physical activity across all intensities and reduced sedentary time (OR=4.97, 11.54, 4.03, 0.11); diverse sports activities improved vigorous and moderate physical activity while reducing sedentary time (OR=4.20, 14.06, 0.17); and peer encouragement was associated with increased low-intensity physical activities and decreased sedentary time (OR=10.40, 0.15)(P < 0.05). The analytic hierarchy process weighting analysis identified the top three influential factors related to physical activity among middle school students: sufficient sports equipment, varied physical education activities, frequent peer encouragement, the influence weight accounts for 23.55%, 14.18% and 11.77% of the total, respectively.

Key school sports environmental factors for adolescent physical activity level include ensuring adequate sports equipment and class availability, diversifying activity content, fostering peer support, and cultivating an active sports culture and a comprehensive approach encourage students' participation in extracurricular physical activities.

To explore the prevalence and influencing factors of depressive symptoms among university students in some universities in Shandong Province, so as to provide a theoretical reference for implementing corresponding intervention measures.

A cluster-sampling method was used to select 8 079 university students studying in universities in Shandong Province from March 2023 to May 2024 as the research subjects. They were randomly divided into a training set (6 463) and a validation set (1 616) according to the 8/2 ratio. The influencing factors of depression among university students were analyzed, and a risk prediction model for depression among university students was constructed and validated.

In the training set of university students, the detection rate of depression was 35.09%(2 268/6 463), with 1 632 cases (71.96%) of mild depression, 545 cases (24.03%) of moderate depression, and 91 cases (4.01%) of severe depression. In the validation set of university students, the detection rate of depression was 33.97% (549/1 616), with 384 cases (69.95%) of mild depression, 127 cases (23.13%) of moderate depression, and 38 cases (6.92%) of severe depression. In the training set, the proportions of those who surfed the Internet for more than 3 h/d, occasionally or did not participate in physical exercise, had average or poor relationships with classmates, often drank sugary drinks, occasionally or did not have breakfast, had unsatisfactory academic performance, had an average monthly living expense of less than 1 500 yuan on campus, and had divorced or widowed parents in the depression-detected group were all higher than those in the undetected group(χ²=1 193.85, 1 584.41, 1 115.10, 826.00, 1 424.05, 924.58, 803.68, 797.65, P < 0.05). The scores of the Chinese version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) in the depression-detected group were also higher than those in the undetected group(t=98.48, P < 0.05). The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that physical exercise, classmate relationships, academic performance, average monthly living expenses on campus, and CTQ-SF scores were influencing factors for depression among university students(OR=3.87, 4.82, 3.63, 3.75, 4.39, P < 0.05). The sensitivity of the model in the training set for predicting depression among university students was 89.0%(95%CI=87.6%-90.2%), the specificity was 93.0% (95%CI=92.2%-93.7%), and the area under the curve was 0.9(95%CI=0.8-1.0); the sensitivity of the model in the validation set for predicting depression among university students was 87.6%(95%CI=84.5%-90.1%), the specificity was 91.3%(95%CI=89.4%-92.9%), and the area under the curve was 0.9(95%CI=0.8-1.0).

The high detection rate of depressive symptoms among university students in some universities in Shandong Province warrants attention. Constructing a risk prediction model is helpful for early identifying the risk of depression among university students.

To analyze the trajectory of dietary behaviors among middle school students in Jiading District, Shanghai, from 2021 to 2023, and longitudinally verify their association with anxiety and depression symptoms, aiming to provide scientific evidence for promoting the mental health of adolescents.

The data were sourced from the National Monitoring and Intervention Project on Common Diseases and Health Impact Factors of students in Jiading District, Shanghai. A total of 1 217 middle school students who participated in at least two surveys from 2021 to 2023 were selected as the research objects, and group-based trajectory model was constructed to identify their dietary behavior scores trajectories. Modified Poisson regression was used to investigate the impact of dietary behavior scores trajectories on anxiety and depression, while Logistic regression was employed to explore the association between trajectories and changes in depression score levels.

The dietary behavior scores trajectories of middle school students were divided into three groups: Persistent Healthy Dietary Behavior (9.5%), Persistent Relatively Unhealthy Dietary Behavior (85.0%), and Persistent Very Unhealthy Dietary Behavior (5.5%). Students who perceived their academic performance as poor and whose parents had a cultural level of high school or below had a significantly lower proportion in the Persistent Healthy Dietary Behavior group compared to students with other characteristics (χ²=12.87, 8.69, 6.50, P < 0.05). Compared with the Persistent Healthy Dietary Behavior group, the risk of anxiety symptoms in middle school students in the Persistent Very Unhealthy Dietary Behavior group was significantly increased (aRR=3.04, 95%CI=1.15-8.02); Persistent Relatively Unhealthy Dietary Behavior and Persistent Very Unhealthy Dietary Behavior increased the risk of depressive symptoms (aRR=1.80, 2.45, respectively), and were positively correlated with the increase in depression scores (aOR=1.70, 2.24) (P < 0.05).

The dietary behavior of middle school students have not changed significantly in the past three years, with persistent unhealthy dietary behavior being the most common. Unhealthy dietary behaviors are positively correlated with the risk of anxiety and depressive symptoms and an increase in depression scores.

To understand the association between weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) and cardiopulmonary endurance among middle school students, so as to provide references for the improvement of cardiopulmonary endurance levels in adolescents.

From June 2015 to December 2018 by using the method of purposive sampling, height, weight, waist circumference, and 20 m shuttle-run tests were measured among 44 870 adolescents aged 13-18 from Northeast, North, East, South, Southwest and Northwest of China. The WWI of the adolescents and the maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) were calculated indirectly. The t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for comparison, and the curve regression analysis method was adopted to analyze the relationship between WWI and VO_2max.

For Chinese middle school students aged 13-18, the WWI was (9.35±1.02), the number of 20 m shuttle-run was (38.89±18.14) times, and VO_2max was (39.96±5.88) mL/(kg ·min^-1). The differences of VO_2max between WWI quartile arrays of boys aged 13-18 were statistically significant (F=15.19, 9.00, 14.97, 20.48, 28.13, 10.13, P < 0.01), girls had the same trend (F=23.36, 16.61, 33.45, 32.96, 18.23, 19.36, P < 0.01). There was an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between WWI and cardiopulmonary endurance. When WWI was 8.5, the VO_2max level reached the highest, which was 40.07 mL/(kg ·min^-1). Compared with girls, WWI in boys had a more significant impact on cardiopulmonary endurance.

Maintaining optimal WWI levels may enhance adolescents' cardiopulmonary endurance.

To explore the short-term improvement effect of physical exercise and cognitive training on inhibitory control function of college students, and to clarify the temporal quantitative-effectiveness relationships between long-term exercise-integrated cognitive interventions and inhibitory control function of college students, in order to provide a reference for promoting inhibitory control function in this population.

College students from Tianjin University of Sport were recruited in May 2022 to participate in the intervention study, which included both short-term and long-term interventions. The short-term intervention used a 2 (physical exercise: yes, no) × 2 (cognitive training: yes, no) between-groups design, with 69 participants randomized into a movement integration cognitive group (n=18), a physical exercise group (n=16), a cognitive training group (n=17), and a control group (sedentary viewing of a health information video, n=18), for a 30-min intervention.The long-term intervention used a mixed experimental design with a 2 (intervention groups; intervention group, control group, between-group variable) ×5 (intervention time: pre-test, 1 week, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks, within-group variable) mixed experimental design with 24 participants, including 13 in the intervention group, who underwent the exercise-integrated cognitive intervention for 30 min, 3 times per week, and 11 in the control group, who maintained their daily activities without the intervention. The main effects of the independent variables and their interactions were analyzed using covariance and repeated measures ANOVA.

There was a statistically significant interaction between physical exercise and cognitive training on accuracy of the Flanker task for the short intervention[F_{(1, 64)}=7.05, P=0.01, η_P²=0.10], and the simple effect test showed that cognitive training reduced accuracy of responses in the presence of physical exercise condition(P=0.02), and the main effect of physical exercise among college students was significant for the reaction time [F_{(1, 65)}=14.12, P < 0.01, η²_p=0.18]; for Flanker task reaction time in the long-term intervention, the main effect of intervention time was significant[F_{(4, 19)}=3.03, P=0.04, η_P²=0.39].However, the intervention results of 1, 4, 6 and 8 weeks in the intervention group [(28.13±10.32)(14.14±26.98)(13.54±25.61)(15.14±21.34)ms] were all better than the pre-test [(77.54±39.34)ms], the main effect of intervention group was significant [F_{(1, 22)}=6.96, P=0.02, η=0.24].

In a short-term intervention for inhibitory control function in college students, physical exercise is more effective than cognitive training; long-term exercise and cognitive training can improve the inhibitory control function of college students.