Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) influence the progression and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Identifying the key molecular drivers of this remodeling is critical for advancing cancer research. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) family, comprising the subtypes MAOA and MAOB, is a group of mitochondrial outer membrane oxidases that regulate monoamine metabolism through oxidative deamination. Aberrant MAO expression is closely associated with PCa growth, invasion, metastasis, poor prognosis, and TME remodeling. This review, based on various animal models, systematically summarizes the biological roles of the distinct MAO subtypes in CAFs and their contributions to PCa pathogenesis. We further explore the potential of MAO inhibitors in combination therapies for PCa, focusing on their differential expression profiles and functional specificity. In addition, we propose precision diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting MAO subtypes, with the aim of identifying novel therapeutic targets for personalized PCa treatment.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF) are chronic pulmonary diseases that severely impair lung function. COPD combined with PIF (COPD-PIF) exacerbates lung-tissue damage, accelerates disease progression, and significantly worsens patient prognosis. However, the exact pathogenesis of COPD-PIF remains unclear, and effective treatment options are still lacking. Animal models have recently played a crucial role in elucidating the pathological mechanisms of COPD-PIF and facilitating new drug development. Current COPD models are primarily established by single-factor induction (such as cigarette smoke exposure or lipopolysaccharide injection) or multi-factor combination method, while PIF models mainly rely on bleomycin induction. The administration route (e. g., intratracheal instillation, aerosol inhalation, or intravenous injection) affects the stability and reproducibility of these models. Although various COPD-PIF animal models have been developed and utilized for research, challenges remain in establishing a standardized and reliable model that fully mimics human disease characteristics. Additionally, although the order in which COPD and PIF are induced may influence the pathological manifestations, there is no consensus in current studies. Further investigations into the pathogenesis of COPD-PIF and the identification of effective therapeutic strategies require more research focusing on optimizing modeling techniques, improving model stability and reproducibility, and developing animal models that better reflect the clinical characteristics of COPD-PIF. These efforts will contribute to advancing fundamental research and facilitating new drug development in this field.

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV) is a learned form of nausea and vomiting that occurs when chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are inadequately controlled. Patients often develop nausea and vomiting prior to subsequent chemotherapy sessions, a phenomenon termed ANV, with the severity correlating positively with the patient's anxiety and depression levels. Although approximately 20% ~ 30% of patients develop ANV by the fourth chemotherapy cycle, current treatment options for ANV remain limited, highlighting the need to elucidate its pathogenesis, explore effective therapies, and develop novel pharmacological agents. The establishment of ANV animal models plays an indispensable role in this process; however, no ideal preclinical model has yet fully and accurately replicated all features of ANV onset and progression observed in chemotherapy patients. This article systematically reviews recent advances in method ologies for establishing ANV animal models, including the selection of experimental species, common emetic agents, and protocols for modeling ANV in rats using lithium chloride. The review aims to provide references to aid the design of more precise animal models and to offer a foundation for further investigations into ANV mechanisms and potential drug development.

Skeletal muscle injury (SMI) is relatively common in clinical practice, and there are different understandings and approaches to its pathogenesis and treatment strategies between Chinese and western medicine. The development of animal models of SMI that can reflect the clinical characteristics of Chinese and western medicine is of great significance to the in-depth study of its pathogenesis and the exploration of effective treatment method. In this paper, starting from the Chinese and western medical etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and identification and typing of SMI, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the construction method and characteristics of the existing animal models and their compatibility with Chinese and western medical conditions. The result showed that the heavy falling blow model had the highest degree of agreement with Chinese and western medical conditions, with 69.6% of Chinese and Western medical agreement and 49.4% of Chinese medical agreement; followed by the exercise-induced model, with 49.8% of western medical agreement and 44.1% of Chinese medical agreement; and chemical stimulation and ischemia/reperfusion models had the lowest degree of agreement. Overall, the animal models of SMI involved in this paper were better than the Chinese medical model in terms of western medical agreement, and the existing models were difficult to correspond accurately with the Chinese medical diagnosis and typing. Therefore, the construction of animal models that can accurately reflect the characteristics of Chinese and western medicine and Chinese medicine patterns is still an important direction for future research.