To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of denosumab injection combined with teriparatide injection in patients with osteoporotic fractures after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP).

Patients with osteoporotic fractures treated with PKP in our hospital were divided into treatment group and control group according to different medication regimens. On the basis of conventional treatment, the control group was subcutaneously injected with teriparatide injection at a dose of 20 μg once daily for consecutive 12 months. The treatment group was additionally subcutaneously injected with denosumab injection on the basis of the control group’s regimen, at a dose of 60 mg once every 6 months, with a total of 2 administrations. The clinical efficacy, bone mineral density (BMD), bone metabolism indicators, pain relief and functional recovery status and incidence of refracture, and safety evaluation were compared between the two groups.

A total of 108 patients were enrolled, including 53 in control group and 55 in treatment group. After treatment, the total effective rate was 90.91% (50 cases/55 cases) in treatment group and 75.47% (40 cases /53 cases) in control group; lumbar vertebrae L_2-4 BMD levels were (0.88±0.13) and (0.82±0.11) g·cm^-2, respectively; femoral neck BMD levels were (0.81±0.14) and (0.75±0.13) g·cm^-2, respectively; greater trochanter BMD levels were (0.69±0.08) and (0.65±0.08) g·cm^-2, respectively; total hip BMD levels were (0.85±0.16) and (0.78±0.16) g·cm^-2, respectively; the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) levels were (4.82±1.24) and (5.53±1.29) pg·mL^-1, respectively; total procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide (T-P1NP) levels were (44.93±9.12) and (40.58±8.95) ng·mL^-1, respectively; β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) levels were (0.38±0.08) and (0.43±0.07) ng·mL^-1, respectively; N-terminal midfragment of osteocalcin (N-MID) levels were (19.32±2.97) and (17.93±2.59) ng·mL^-1, respectively; the visual analog scale (VAS) scores were (1.88±0.66) and (2.16±0.55) points, respectively; the oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were (10.83±1.73) and (12.12±2.89) points, respectively; the incidence of refracture within 1 year of treatment was 0% (0 cases/55 cases) and 9.43% (5 cases /53 cases). The aforementioned indicators showed statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). The main adverse drug reactions in treatment group include nausea, muscle pain and injection site reactions; the control group included nausea, muscle pain, palpitations and injection site reactions, and both groups had mild adverse drug reactions. The total incidence of adverse drug reactions in treatment group and control group were 12.73% (7 cases/55 cases) and 9.43% (5 cases/53 cases), respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).

Denosumab injection combined with teriparatide injection in the treatment of patients with osteoporotic fractures after PKP surgery can significantly improve clinical efficacy and bone density, promote bone formation, reduce the recurrence of fractures, and has favorable safety.

To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of general anesthesia induced by benzenesulfonate remimazolam for injection combined with esketamine hydrochloride injection in elderly patients with severe knee osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

The elderly patients with severe knee osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty were divided into control group and treatment group according to the method of anesthesia induction. The treatment group received intravenous injection of 0.1 mg·kg^-1 benzenesulfonate remimazolam for injection combined with 0.5 mg·kg^-1 esketamine hydrochloride injection for anesthesia induction. The control group received 0.05 mg·kg^-1 midazolam injection combined with 1 mg·kg^-1 propofol emulsion injection for anesthesia induction. The other anesthesia methods were consistent between the two groups. The recovery time, hemodynamics, postoperative pain score (VAS), postoperative sedation score (Ramsay sedation scale), anxiety and depression score (HAD), mini-mental state examination score (MMSE), incidence of delirium (POD) and adverse anesthetic events were compared between the two groups.

A total of 232 patients were enrolled, with 115 cases in control group and 117 cases in treatment group. The recovery time of the control group and the treatment group were (26.30±4.84) and (24.52±4.66) min, respectively; heart rate after induction were (71.84±4.17) and (73.58±4.36) beats·min^-1, respectively; heart rate at the end of operation were (74.59±4.46) and (76.13±4.32) beats·min^-1, respectively; mean arterial pressure after induction were (81.90±5.69) and (84.11±5.72) mmHg, respectively; mean arterial pressure at the end of operation were (86.73±5.57) and (88.51±6.42) mmHg, respectively; VAS scores at 6 h after operation were (3.77±0.54) and (3.53±0.69) points, respectively; VAS scores at 12 h after operation were (3.21±0.64) and (3.00±0.66) points, respectively; the postoperative 1-hour Ramsay sedation scores were (3.82±0.66) and (3.21±0.57) points, respectively, and the postoperative 6-hour Ramsay scores were (2.65±0.48) and (2.31±0.46) points, respectively; at 3 d after operation, HAD-A scores were (10.53±1.86) and (9.94±1.73) points, respectively; HAD-D scores were (10.56±2.10) and (9.86±2.05) points, respectively; MMSE scores were (21.34±1.82) and (22.22±1.93) points, respectively; within 7 d after operation, the incidences of POD were 15.65% (18 cases/115 cases) and 6.84% (8 cases/117 cases), respectively; during anesthesia induction, the incidence of adverse drug reactions were 20.87% (24 cases/115 cases) and 9.40% (11 cases/117 cases), respectively. The differences of above indicators were all statistically significant comparing between the two group (P<0.05,P<0.01). The main adverse drug reactions during the anesthesia induction period in treatment group and control group included hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia and tachycardia.

Compared with the regimen of midazolam injection combined with propofol emulsion injection, the regimen of benzenesulfonate remimazolam for injection combined with esketamine hydrochloride injection for anesthesia induction can shorten recovery time, maintain stable hemodynamics, improve analgesic effect, relieve anxiety and depression, improve cognitive function, and have good safety.

To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of capecitabine tablets combined with oxaliplatin for injection (XELOX) in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Patients with stage Ⅱ gastric cancer who underwent D2 radical surgery in the hospital were divided into control group and treatment group by the random number table method. Starting at 4 weeks postoperatively, the control group was administered tegifur capsules with dosage adjusted based on body surface area of 40 or 60 mg, taken twice daily for 14 consecutive days, followed by a 1-week break, with each 21-day cycle repeated for 8 consecutive cycles. The treatment group received 130 mg·m^-2 of intravenous oxaliplatin on the first postoperative day, followed by capecitabine tablets at 1 000 mg·m^-2 per dose, twice daily from days 1 to 14, followed by a 1-week break, with each 21-day cycle repeated for 8 consecutive cycles. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), microRNA-34a (miR-34a), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the two groups, and the safety evaluation was performed.

A total of 150 patients were screened, and 130 cases were enrolled in the trial, including 65 cases in control group (with 5 dropouts) and 65 cases in treatment group (with 5 dropouts). Ultimately, 60 patients from each group were included in the statistical analysis. After 8 cycles of treatment, CEA levels in treatment group and control group were (4.83±1.22) and (6.33±1.14) ng·mL^-1, CA19-9 levels were (24.33±3.58) and (28.86±4.18) U·mL^-1, CA72-4 levels were (5.48±1.22) and (7.27±1.55) μg·L^-1, the relative expression levels of miR-34a were 2.57±0.45 and 2.13±0.42, respectively. Compared with control group, the aforementioned indicators in treatment group showed statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The median DFS values in treatment group and control group were 56 and 48 months, respectively, and the difference in DFS survival curve between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); the median OS values were 62 and 60 months, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Adverse drug reactions in treatment group included leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and peripheral neurotoxicity, while those in control group included leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The incidence rates of peripheral neurotoxicity in treatment group and control group were 6.67% (4 cases/60 cases) and 0% (0 cases /60 cases), the incidence rates of hand-foot syndrome were 21.67% (13 cases/60 cases) and 0% (0 cases/60 cases), the incidence rates of grade ≥ Ⅲ leukopenia were 16.67% (10 cases /60 cases) and 5.00% (3 cases /60 cases), the incidence rates of grade ≥ Ⅲ thrombocytopenia were 8.33% (5 cases /60 cases) and 0% (0 cases /60 cases), respectively. The incidence rates of the aforementioned adverse drug reactions in treatment group were statistically significantly different from those in control group (all P<0.05).

The application of XELOX regimen as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for stage Ⅱ gastric cancer can effectively improve the levels of tumor markers and prolong the DFS, and has more obvious advantages compared to tegafur capsule gimeracil oteracil potassium single-drug regimen, but the adverse drug reactions are also more obvious.

To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of folic acid tablets combined with vitamin B₆ tablets as an adjuvant therapy for obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Obese PCOS patients admitted to our hospital were divided into treatment group and control group according to the medication plan. The control group was treated with ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate tablets (taken orally before bedtime every night), metformin hydrochloride tablets (0.25 g, taken orally before breakfast and dinner), and orlistat capsules (60 mg, twice a day). The treatment group was treated with folic acid tablets (5 mg, once a day) and vitamin B₆ tablets (10 mg, once a day) in addition to control group. Compare clinical efficacy, glucose metabolism indicators, reproductive endocrine hormones, mean ovarian volume (MOV), mean number of follicles (MFN), inflammatory factors, serum homocysteine (Hcy), triglyceride (TG) levels and body measurement parameters between two groups, and evaluate their safety.

A total of 150 patients were included, with 73 in treatment group and 77 in control group. The total effective rates of treatment and control group were 90.41% (66 cases/73 cases) and 77.92% (60 cases/77 cases), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of treatment group and control group were (4.42±0.58) and (4.66±0.53) mmol·L^-1, respectively; the fasting insulin (FINS) levels were (9.16±1.77) and (10.03±2.06) mIU·L^-1, respectively; the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were 1.80±0.46 and 2.08±0.65, respectively; the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were (4.03±1.19) and (4.63±1.32) ng·mL^-1, respectively; the inhibin B (INHB) levels were (102.33±14.54) and (108.81±17.63) pg·mL^-1, respectively; the MOV levels were (7.36±1.88) and (6.77±1.24) cm³, respectively; the numbers of MFN were (8.89±1.86) and (8.24±1.45) cell, respectively; the interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were (16.87±3.22) and (18.34±3.67) pg·mL^-1, respectively; the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were (10.19±3.06) and (11.83±3.22) pg·mL^-1, respectively; the Hcy levels were (14.78±3.52) and (16.16±3.64) μmol·L^-1, respectively; the TG levels were (3.49±0.61) and (4.15±0.66) mmol·L^-1, respectively; the body mass index (BMI) levels were (31.09±3.06) and (32.16±3.17) kg·m^-2, respectively; the body fat percentages were (31.42±3.24)% and (32.89±3.38)%, respectively; and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) levels were 0.92±0.21 and 1.01±0.26, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the above indicators between treatment group and control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The adverse drug reactions in treatment group were gastrointestinal discomfort, while those in control group were headache. The overall incidence rates of adverse drug reactions in treatment and control groups were 1.37% (1 case/73 cases) and 2.60% (2 cases/77 cases), respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).

The adjuvant treatment of PCOS with folic acid combined with vitamin B₆ tablets has good clinical efficacy and safety. It can significantly reduce the levels of serum Hcy in patients and improve the insulin resistance status and lipid metabolism of patients.

To evaluate the application effect of roxadustat capsules combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) for injection in hemodialysis patients with renal anemia.

Patients with renal anemia undergoing hemodialysis were randomly divided into control group and treatment group using a random number table method. The control group received treatment with rHuEPO injection, intravenous injection of 120-150 IU·kg^-1, 2-3 times a week; the treatment group was administered roxadustat capsules orally after meals (100 mg for patients weighing <60 kg, 120 mg for patients weighing ≥60 kg) on the basis of the control group, 3 times per week. Both groups were treated continuously for 3 months. Iron metabolism indicators, anemia indicators and inflammatory factors were compared between the two groups. Clinical efficacy and adverse drug reactions were also assessed.

A total of 148 patients were enrolled in this study, including 70 cases in treatment group and 68 cases in control group. After treatment, the overall clinical effective rates of treatment group and control group were 95.71% (67 cases/70 cases) and 83.82% (57 cases/68 cases), respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum iron (SI) levels of treatment group and control group were (15.98±4.04) and (13.41±3.72) μmol·L^-1, respectively; the transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels were (35.23±5.03)% and (29.38±4.94)%, respectively; the serum ferritin (SF) levels were (284.69±31.41) and (219.57±28.47) μg·L^-1, respectively; the hemoglobin (Hb) levels were (97.57±11.16) and (91.09±9.84) g·L^-1, respectively; the hematocrit (Hct) levels were (34.62±4.09)% and (28.34±3.47)%, respectively; the red blood cell (RBC) counts were (3.41±0.74) and (2.77±0.61)×10¹²·L^-1, respectively; the interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were (58.02±6.19) and (64.23±7.63) ng·L^-1, respectively; and the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were (111.02±12.54) and (120.63±15.29) ng·L^-1, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in all the above indicators between treatment group and control group (all P<0.05). Adverse drug reactions in treatment group included dizziness, fever, elevated blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and abnormal liver function, while those in control group included dizziness, fever, elevated blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and abnormal liver function. The total incidence of adverse drug reactions in treatment and control groups were 17.14% (12 cases/70 cases) and 19.12% (13 cases/68 cases), respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).

Roxadustat capsules combined with rHuEPO solution for injection can improve iron metabolism and anemia status, reduce inflammatory factor levels, and do not increase the risk of adverse drug reactions in hemodialysis patients with renal anemia.

To analyze the rationality of outpatient and emergency nebulization medication prescriptions in a tertiary pediatric specialty hospital based on the hospital’s rational drug use system, identify the main types, distribution characteristics, influencing factors of irrational prescriptions, and provide evidence for standardizing clinical medication use.

All outpatient and emergency prescriptions containing nebulized drugs from January to December 2024 were collected. Prescriptions were initially screened using the Puhua Hecheng rational drug use system, followed by manual review by pharmacists according to standards such as the "clinical practice guidelines for nebulized inhalation therapy in pediatric respiratory diseases (2024 edition)". A retrospective analysis was conducted on irrational prescriptions.

A total of 233 736 prescriptions were included. Initial screening identified 8 569 positive irrational prescriptions, and after review, 3 681 were confirmed as true positive irrational prescriptions, resulting in an overall irrationality rate of 1.57% (3 681 prescriptions/233 736 prescriptions). Irrational prescriptions were mainly from outpatient departments 70.33% (2 589 prescriptions/3 681 prescriptions), with emergency departments accounting for 29.67% (1 092 prescriptions/3 681 prescriptions). School-age children (36.00%, 1 325 prescriptions/3 681 prescriptions) and preschool children (35.51%, 1 307 prescriptions/3 681 prescriptions) were the high-risk groups. The departmental distribution showed a "long-tail distribution," with the top 10 departments accounting for 60.69% (2 234 prescriptions/3 681 prescriptions), primarily the respiratory center, gastroenterology department, and internal medicine teaching and research department. Among irrational prescription types, inappropriate indication was the most common (86.80%, 3 853 cases/4 439 cases), followed by inappropriate usage and dosage (9.89%,439 cases/4 439 cases), duplicate medication (1.85%, 82 cases/4 439 cases) and inappropriate route of administration (1.46%, 65 cases/4 439 cases). Among medication categories, inhaled corticosteroids (71.13%, 3 065 cases/4 309 cases) had the highest incidence of issues, with budesonide suspension for inhalation accounting for 60.43% (2 604 cases/4 309 cases), followed by bronchodilators, with ipratropium bromide solution for inhalation accounting for 23.25% (1 002 cases/4 309 cases).

The overall rationality of nebulized drug prescriptions in the outpatient and emergency departments of the hospital is favorable. Irrational medication issues are dominated by inappropriate indications, mainly concentrated in young children and departments with high-frequency use of nebulized drugs. To improve the rationality of clinical medication, a full-process management system of "prevention-control-optimization" should be established by strengthening guideline training, optimizing audit rules of the rational drug use system, and enhancing targeted management in key departments.

To investigate the potential targets and pathways of eupalinolide B (EB) in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and to verify EB inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory response by regulating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway.

Database screening was used to identify the intersecting targets of EB and DCM, followed by functional and pathway enrichment analyses and molecular docking validation. A DCM mouse model was established. The successfully modeled mice were randomly divided into model group, experimental-L group (5 mg·kg^-1 EB), experimental-H group (20 mg·kg^-1 EB), positive control group (5 mg·kg^-1 positive drug captopril), inhibitor group (1 mg·kg^-1 p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580) and activator group (20 mg·kg^-1 EB+0.10 mg·kg^-1 p38 MAPK activator anisomycin). In addition, normal and healthy mice were selected as the blank group. Each group had 10 mice. After the intervention, cardiac function was detected by echocardiography; serum and myocardial tissues were collected, serum inflammatory factors and myocardial injury markers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); pathological damage, fibrosis and cell apoptosis of myocardial tissue were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining; the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, inflammatory factors, phosphorylation (p-)p38 MAPK and p38 MAPK in myocardial tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.

A total of 34 potential targets of EB and 1 018 DCM-specific targets were screened, and 5 potential targets of EB for DCM treatment were identified, involving the MAPK signaling pathway. The left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) values in blank group, model group, experimental-L group, experimental-H group, inhibitor group and activator group were (41.26±0.07)%, (26.60±0.72)%, (30.90±0.29)%, (44.26±1.73)%, (42.62±1.82)% and (33.66±2.74)%, respectively; the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were (734.85±90.24), (1 509.28±163.17), (1 240.62±157.95), (841.57±88.06), (862.91±87.92) and (1 159.76±125.71) pg·mL^-1, respectively; the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) positive rates were (16.81±1.82)%, (3.02±0.54)%, (6.97±0.86)%, (14.29±1.43)%, (13.51±1.46)% and (8.14±0.95)%, respectively; the Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) positive rates were (1.59±0.18)%, (18.37±2.51)%, (12.42±1.63)%, (3.84±0.45)%, (4.09±0.41)% and (11.53±1.28)%, respectively; the relative expression levels of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK were 0.23±0.03, 0.86±0.09, 0.64±0.08, 0.35±0.04, 0.38±0.05 and 0.61±0.08, respectively. Comparisons between model group and blank group, between experimental-L/-H groups or inhibitor group and model group, and between activator groups and experimental-H group, the above indicators all showed statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).

EB may alleviate the myocardial inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy mice and improve myocardial damage by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK.

To observe clinical features of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitor-induced liver injury in tumor patients and analyze its influencing factors.

Tumor patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors were enrolled. The clinical data were analyzed. The occurrence of liver injury during treatment was assessed according to CTCAE V5.0 criteria. Clinicopathological features of patients with liver injury were summarized. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for liver injury in tumor patients, and a nomogram prediction model was constructed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were employed to evaluate validity of the model.

The incidence of PD-1 inhibitor-induced liver injury among the 310 patients enrolled was 11.94% (37 cases/310 cases). Grade 1, grade 2, grade 3 and grade 4 liver injuries were observed in 12 cases (32.43%), 15 cases (40.54%), 8 cases (21.62%) and 2 cases (5.41%), respectively. Clinical types included cholestatic type in 23 cases (62.16%), abnormal liver biochemistry type in 12 cases (32.43%), and hepatocellular injury type in 2 cases (5.41%). The median time to the occurrence of liver injury was 28.50 (5.00-217.00) d. After drug withdrawal or symptomatic treatment, liver function recovered, and the mean recovery time was (21.45±6.94) d. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found female gender [odds rotio (OR)=2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11-4.99], history of comorbid liver disease (OR=2.62, 95%CI=1.10-6.24), and liver metastasis (OR=3.10, 95%CI=1.28-7.49) as independent risk factors influencing the occurrence of liver injury in tumor patients (all P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) (95%CI) of the nomogram prediction model for predicting liver injury was 0.86 (0.82-0.90), with sensitivity of 78.38% and specificity of 83.52%. Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed good goodness-of-fit (χ²=12.58, P>0.05). Validation with Bootstrap revealed good agreement between the calibration curve and the actual curve (Brier score=0.09). DCA demonstrated that the nomogram prediction model provided clinical benefit when the threshold was between 0.05 and 0.99.

PD-1 inhibitor-induced liver injury is relatively common in tumor patients. Female gender, history of liver disease and liver metastasis are associated with its occurrence. The nomogram prediction model constructed based on these factors exhibits good predictive performance and can provide reference for early identification of high-risk patients.

To discuss the effects of osthol (Ost) on melanocyte loss in vitiligo mice by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

A mouse model of vitiligo was established by applying hydroquinone cream. The successfully modeled mice were divided into model group (only modeling), low-dose experimental group (15 mg·kg^-1 Ost), high-dose experimental group (45 mg·kg^-1 Ost), positive control group (50.4 mg·mL^-1 vitiligo capsules) and inhibitor group (45 mg·kg^-1 Ost + 10 mg·kg^-1 XAV939). The control group was given an equal volume of normal saline. Each group consisted of 10 mice. After the intervention, the degree of skin depigmentation in the treatment area was scored; orbital blood was collected, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), tyrosinase (TYR) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); skin lesion tissues were collected, and the number of melanin-containing hair follicles and melanocytes in the basal layer were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining; the positive expression levels of tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) 1 and TRP2 in the skin lesion tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry; the mRNA expression levels of tyrosinase (TYR) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) mRNA in the skin lesion tissues were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); the protein expression levels of β-catenin and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β)/GSK-3β in the skin lesion tissues were detected by Western blotting.

The depigmentation scores of control group, model group, low-dose experimental group, high-dose experimental group, positive control group and inhibitor group were (0±0), (4.11±0.52), (2.41±0.28), (0.77±0.09), (0.55±0.07) and (2.55±0.28) score, respectively; the levels of α-MSH were (26.53±2.84), (7.56±0.84), (12.62±1.36), (22.91±2.44), (23.51±2.48) and (13.05±1.38) μg·L^-1, respectively; the levels of MDA were (2.05±0.24), (7.94±0.85), (4.31±0.49), (2.27±0.25), (2.19±0.24) and (4.28±0.45) nmol·mg prot^-1, respectively; the levels of TNF-α were (38.52±4.02), (105.65±10.94), (68.84±7.05), (42.84±4.45), (41.85±4.37) and (70.05±7.21) ng·mL^-1, respectively; the levels of TYR were (105.62±11.14), (45.22±4.67), (65.41±6.77), (98.62±9.98), (97.65±9.89) and (66.08±6.81) μg·L^-1, respectively; the numbers of melanocytes in the basal layer were (148.62±15.08), (52.11±5.34), (68.84±6.91), (108.64±11.14), (112.08±11.44) and (70.54±7.21) cells, respectively; the numbers of melanin-containing hair follicles were (98.64±9.98), (41.52±4.31), (62.05±6.37), (95.62±9.74), (96.05±9.78) and (61.08±6.29) cells, respectively; the positive expression levels of TRP1 were 17.05±1.94, 4.62±0.77, 8.05±0.85, 14.98±1.58, 15.22±1.64 and 8.11±0.88, respectively; the positive expressions levels of TRP2 were 14.32±1.55, 3.05±0.33, 5.74±0.66, 10.42±1.15, 11.05±1.17 and 6.05±0.62, respectively; the relative expression levels of TYR mRNA were 1.09±0.12, 0.19±0.02, 0.49±0.05, 0.79±0.08, 0.88±0.09 and 0.55±0.07, respectively; the relative expression levels of MITF mRNA were 0.98±0.11, 0.24±0.03, 0.44±0.05, 0.81±0.09, 0.85±0.10 and 0.51±0.06, respectively; the relative expression levels of β-catenin were 1.25±0.13, 0.34±0.05, 0.68±0.08, 1.07±0.11, 1.11±0.12 and 0.71±0.09, respectively; the relative expression levels of p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β were 0.85±0.09, 0.22±0.03, 0.44±0.06, 0.71±0.08, 0.79±0.09 and 0.42±0.05, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between model group and control group, between low, high dose experimental group and model group, and between inhibitor group and high-dose experimental group (all P<0.05).

Ost reduces melanocyte loss in vitiligo mice by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.