This study collected the surface soil samples (0~10cm) from the freshwater (salinity: 0) and mesohaline (salinity:10~15) P. australis marshes in the six main estuaries in China, which are the Liao River Estuary, Yellow River Estuary, Yangtze River Estuary, Oujiang River Estuary, Minjiang River Estuary, and Pearl River Estuary. The production rates of soil CH₄ and CO₂ were measured using laboratory anaerobic slurry incubation method, and the extracellular enzyme activity and abundance of methanogen functional genes (mcrA) were also measured. Mean CH₄ production rate in the freshwater and saltwater P. australis marshes was (2.69±1.63) and (2.97±1.71) ng CH₄/(g·d), respectively. Mean CO₂ production rate was (7.64±4.94)and (10.28±6.84)µg CO₂/(g·d), respectively. CO₂ production rate in the freshwater P. australis marshes was significantly lower than that in mesohaline P. australis marshes, but no significant difference in CH₄ production rate was observed between freshwater and mesohaline marshes. Soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) content were identified as the main factors influencing extracellular enzyme activity and methanogen abundance. A decrease in pH led to a significant reduction in the production rates of CH₄ and CO₂. Total carbon, total nitrogen, SOC, activity of five extracellular enzymes, and abundance of mcrA were identified as the key factors influencing CH₄ and CO₂ production. Our research results suggest that across the Chinese coastal estuarine freshwater and mesohaline P. australis marshes, salinity is not a main factor controlling CH₄ production, however, the increase in salinity perhaps raise soil anaerobic mineralization rates, which indicates that sea level rise and saltwater intrusion will cause carbon emission increase from estuarine P. australis marshes.

To investigate the impact of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) exposure during pregnancy on neonatal sex hormone levels and birth physique, this study recruited 271 mother-infant pairs from Guangzhou and collected meconium samples within 24hours postpartum. The levels of ten OCPs and seven sex hormones in meconium were analyzed. The generalized linear model (GLM) was employed to explore the association between OCP exposure and birth physique scores. Additionally, the mediation effect model was utilized to assess the mediating role of sex hormones in the relationship between OCP exposure and birth physique scores. The results indicated that the predominant OCPs in neonatal meconium was p,p'-DDE, with concentration range of not detected (nd) to 0.25nmol/g (median 0.05nmol/g). The median levels of progesterone (P4), androstenedione (AED), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) in meconium were 1.80, 0.24, 0.13, 0.15, 0.38, and 8.24nmol/g respectively. For each unit increase in p,p'-DDE exposure level, AED, T, and E3 in meconium increased by 1.82 (95% CI: 0.34, 3.29), 1.31 (95% CI: 0.03, 2.60), and 211(95% CI: 120, 302), respectively. In male newborns, for each unit increase in p,p'-DDE concentration was associated with an increase of 9.12 (95% CI: 3.11, 14.9) in E3leevels. Conversely, in female newborns, for each unit increase in Σ₁₀OCPs concentration resulted in a decrease of 11.8 (95% CI: - 22.8, - 0.84) in the E2/T ratio. Exposure to p,p' - DDE may influence the birth length-Zscore (BLZ) in male neonates through the regulation of E3, with an indirect effect of 0.73 and a mediation effect percentage of 25.3%. Exposure to Σ₁₀OCPs may impact head circumference-Zscore (HCZ) in female neonates via regulating E2/T ratio, with an indirect effect of - 0.18 and a mediation effect percentage of 19.4%. Exposure to OCPs during pregnancy may affect the changes in birth physique scores of neonates by regulating their sex hormone levels.

The co-pyrolysis of biomass/sewage sludge was demonstrated to facilitate efficient resource utilization, harmless treatment, and sludge volume reduction. Due to the complexity of co-pyrolysis reactions, it was deemed essential that the thermodynamic properties and product distribution of this process be systematically evaluated. The pyrolysis characteristics, synergistic effects, and product distribution of municipal sludge-peanut shell mixtures were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and a fixed-bed reactor. It was observed that significant synergistic interactions were exhibited during municipal sludge/peanut shell co-pyrolysis, primarily during the volatile release stage, where the synergistic effect was found to accelerate mixture pyrolysis. When the conversion rate (α) was below 0.7, the apparent activation energy was progressively reduced with increasing sludge mass ratio(SMR). Conversely, when α exceeded 0.7, the apparent activation energy sharply increased with higher SMR. The gas yield was enhanced with elevated pyrolysis temperatures, while liquid and solid yields were significantly diminished. Elevated temperatures were also shown to promote H₂ and CH₄ generation. Product yields and synergistic effects were strongly influenced by SMR, with the most pronounced co-pyrolysis synergy observed at an SMR of 40wt.%.

To address the issue of biases in the representational capabilities of existing assessment methods for ozone pollution meteorological conditions, stemming from a lack of boundary layer indicators, this study utilized meteorological and environmental observation data collected from 2019 to 2023. By integrating ozone numerical simulations and incorporating source tracking along with process rate analysis techniques within the model framework, we developed a joint model and observation-based Tianjin Ozone Pollution Meteorological Condition Assessment Index (OWI). This index aims to accurately assess ozone pollution meteorological conditions in Tianjin. The research findings reveal a strong correlation between ozone concentrations and various meteorological factors. The OWI index was constructed based on parameters such as average temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, daily precipitation, daytime ultraviolet radiation, midday ultraviolet radiation, sunshine duration, average wind speed, and wind direction. It effectively characterizes the impact of these meteorological conditions on ozone levels. Notably, this index exhibits a correlation coefficient of 0.82 with O₃ concentration and demonstrates an ability to identify 82% of mild or more severe ozone pollution incidents. Furthermore, by analyzing the effects of daytime and nighttime boundary layer heights on precursor diffusion processes—such as near-surface nitrogen oxide titration and vertical exchange of ozone—the study addresses potential overestimations in O₃ concentrations by the OWI index under favorable vertical diffusion conditions. To optimize the OWI index further, we incorporated indicators for both daytime and nighttime boundary layer heights. Through ozone numerical simulations, the study calculated the effects of horizontal and vertical transport, convection, chemical generation, turbulent mixing, and regional transport on ozone levels. By combining simulation results with observations, the OWI index was oized under specific conditions, such as adjusting upwards when daytime vertical transport exceeds 15µg/(m³⋅h) or daytime ozone chemical generation exceeds 20µg/(m³⋅h); and considering surrounding meteorological conditions and ozone transport impacts when regional transport was too strong.

Against the backdrop of China entering a new stage of development, implementing new development concepts, and building a new development pattern, how to pursue healthy industrial development while controlling water energy consumption and reducing carbon emissions has become an important and urgent practical task. On the base of exploring deep level industrial economic connections, the theoretical framework of the three-dimensional full footprint stereoscopic correlation of industry water energy carbon was constructed. Then the article designed an input-output calculation model for industrial factor footprints and created a function correction input-output table to solidify the data foundation. Selecting Chinese industries from 2002 to 2022 as the research object, the three-dimensional full footprint of industrial water, energy, and carbon were calculated. Based on the three dimensional full footprint stereoscopic correlation network of water energy carbon in Chinese industries, the evolution characteristics of network attributes and relationship structures have been compared and analyzed by combining dynamic and static methods. The results showed that:(1) During the research period, the average annual growth rate of China's industrial water, energy, and carbon total carbon footprint had decreased, but the total amount had increased significantly. The increase in water footprint was mainly due to the increase in industrial direct footprint, while the increase in energy footprint and carbon footprint were due to the increase in industrial indirect footprint. (2) There were significant differences in the three-dimensional footprint of water energy carbon and dual factor among various industries, and it was necessary to integrate the characteristics of industries and footprint characteristics to improve the efficiency of factor utilization. (3) During the research period, various indicators and coupled performance of the industrial water energy carbon network had improved, but the circular sustainability, symbiosis and mutual benefit, and correlation had not reached the ideal state.

Based on the ISfinder database and reference meta-analysis, this study conducted a systematic study of the diversity of 5812 insertion sequences (ISs) and their co-occurrence with functional genes. The study found significant differences in the distribution of different IS families among hosts, as well as in their co-occurrence with functional genes. DDE-type ISs are predominant, with the IS5 and IS3 families containing the most ISs, while the ISH6 family contains the fewest. ISs are widely found in bacteria and archaea, and several IS families show host specificity, being found only in either bacteria or archaea. The study demonstrated that IS co-occur with various functional genes, such as antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, and stress resistance, indicating their significant role in environmental adaptation and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens. Some IS exhibited co-occurrence with multiple functional genes, suggesting broader ecological adaptability, while others showed functional specificity. Future research should focus on experimentally validating the mechanisms through which IS mediate gene transfer and host adaptation, to reveal the mechanism of microbial evolution and ecological adaptation.

Based on the ozonesonde data in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao regions from 2022 to 2023, the vertical distribution characteristics of O₃ concentration were analyzed, and the applicability of Aqua satellite AIRS O₃ vertical profile product and ERA5 reanalysis O₃ vertical profile product were evaluated by using self-organizing map neural network (SOM) method. The vertical distribution of O₃ in the Greater Bay Area exhibited significant seasonal variations. In spring, summer, and winter, the ozone vertical distribution displayed a unimodal structure, with peak concentrations located near 700, 950, and 300 hPa, respectively. In contrast, the vertical distribution in autumn showed a bimodal structure, with peaks near 925 and 400hPa. The vertical differences in O₃ between stations were relatively small, with deviations between Guangdong and Hong Kong stations ranging from -3.2% to 11.0%. The quality of AIRS and ERA5 data in autumn and winter within the troposphere was better than that in spring and summer. At 850~200hPa, both AIRS and ERA5 data showed relatively good quality, with seasonal relative average deviations (Rad) ranging from 16.5% to 25.8% for AIRS and 15.1% to 25.7% for ERA5. The average correlation coefficients (r) for the seasons ranged from 0.47 to 0.75 for AIRS and 0.23 to 0.74 for ERA5. Below 850 hPa, the quality of AIRS and ERA5 data was relatively bad, with average value of r were 0.34 and -0.15. The vertical distribution of O₃ was categorized into 5 types. Among these, the data quality of AIRS and ERA5 was best under the type 1distribution structure, while it was worst under the type 2 and type 3 structures. Type 1 occurred more frequently in autumn (43%) and winter (61%), whereas type 2 and type 3 were more common in summer (66%). Type 4 and type 5 occurred more frequently in spring (85%).

To unveil the carbon release capacity of humic soil and its potential applications in wastewater treatment, this study explored the impact of various aeration gradients on the release of dissolved organic matter（DOM）from humic soil. By establishing gradients of no aeration, low aeration, medium aeration, and high aeration, the carbon release experiment lasting 600 hours was conducted. The carbon release capacity at various time points and DOM changes in components were monitored with the aid of total organic carbon（TOC）analysis, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis（EEM-PARAFAC）, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that aeration intensity significantly affected the amount and cycle of carbon release from humic soil. Before reaching medium aeration, the carbon release capacity increased with the intensity of aeration, followed by a decrease afterwards. Aeration was found to enhance the release of aromatic protein-like substance I（C1）and humic-like substances（C3）. However, the intensity and effectiveness of the enhancement varied between these two components. Conversely, aeration suppressed the release of aromatic protein-like substance II（C2）and soluble microbial metabolic substances（C4）, where differences were also observed. UV-visible absorption analysis indicated that the aromaticity and humification degree of DOM increased over time during the carbon release process from humic soil. The carbon release cycle was about 248h during the 600-h test, higher aeration intensities were found to improve the microbial utilization of DOM.

In this study, two paddy soils with similar organic matter contents but different iron contents were used to conduct anaerobic microcosm incubation experiments with four treatments, including Control, +NO₃^-, +As（III）, and +As（III）+NO₃^-. The transformation of arsenic, nitrogen, and iron species, as well as changes in microbial community structure and abundance were investigated in order to elucidate the effect of iron on the microbial As（III）oxidation coupling nitrate reduction processes in soils under anoxic conditions. The results revealed that As（III）oxidation was driven by nitrate reduction, and 35.3% and 43.0% of As（III）were oxidized in the soils with low iron and high iron content, respectively, at the end of incubation. The phosphate-extracted and oxalate-extracted arsenic contents were significantly higher in the soil with high iron content than those in the soil with low iron content. The presence of As（III）slowed down the nitrate reduction process, reduced the accumulation of NO₂^- and N₂O, and promoted the NH₄⁺ production. In addition, the denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium（DNRA）processes were faster in the soil with high iron content than those in the soil with low iron content. The presence of nitrate and As（III）decreased the concentrations of dissolved Fe（II）and adsorbed Fe（II）in soils, increased the concentrations of adsorbed total iron, and altered the composition and abundance of soil microbial community. Bacillus, Clostridium, and Planococcaceae were identified as the dominant bacteria during nitrate reduction and As（III）oxidation processes. This study demonstrates that soils with high content of adsorbed iron can facilitate anaerobic As（III）oxidation coupling denitrification/DNRA and enhance the immobilization of As（III）and As（V）by iron（oxyhydr）oxides in soils. These findings provide scientific basis for the regulation of arsenic transformation by iron and nitrogen elements in flooded paddy fields.

This study investigates the adsorption and removal effects of powdered activated carbon on extracellular organic matters（EOM）from Microcystis aeruginosa（M. aeruginosa）at different growth phases and explores the removal efficiencies and adsorption mechanisms of characteristic organic components in EOM. The results indicated that the synergistic removal efficiency of organic components in M. aeruginosa EOM by powdered activated carbon was relatively low, ranging from 18.07%to 34.85%. Significant differences in adsorption efficiency were observed among different substance components, with the order of removal efficiency being microcystins>humic acids>proteins>polysaccharides. Each substance component exhibited varying proportions of easily adsorbable structures at different growth phases, leading to differences in adsorption capacity across phases. Easily adsorbable structures in polysaccharides were primarily released during the logarithmic phase, while those in proteins were predominantly secreted during the stable phase. Easily adsorbable structures in microcystins were predominantly secreted during the stable and decay phases, while the proportion of humic acid structure types showed no significant differences across phases. The adsorption process of activated carbon on M. aeruginosa EOM followed the principle of molecular-scale selective adsorption, primarily targeting low- and medium- molecular-weight substances, while exhibiting extremely poor adsorption performance for high- molecular-weight substances. This is a key factor contributing to the low removal efficiency of activated carbon for algal pollutants. This study provides significant scientific insights for the effective prevention and control of algal pollutants throughout the entire lifecycle of cyanobacterial blooms.