To analyze healthcare accessibility and patient-load pressure of fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai and optimize the spatial layout.

Data on the daily maximum number of patient visits were collected from medical institutions operating fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai. Thiessen polygon and buffer zone analysis methods were adopted to assess supply–demand ratios and healthcare accessibility of fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai.

In 2024, patient visits to fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai exhibited a seasonal pattern with higher volumes during winter and spring and lower volumes in summer and autumn. The 349 fever clinics (sentinel clinics) presented a spatial distribution pattern of being dense in the urban area and sparse in the suburban area. Seven townships experienced extreme pressure, and Xinchang town in Pudong new area had the lowest supply-demand ratio (< 1:100 000), with no suitable locations available nearby for building new fever clinics. Fourteen peripheral townships exhibited moderate pressure (supply-demand ratio < 1:10 000) and possessed suitable conditions for new fever clinics (sentinel clinics).

The overall spatial distribution of fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai is generally appropriate and adequately serves the needs of patients with fever. Nevertheless, an imbalanced distribution between urban and suburban areas remains, alongside the co-occurrence of resource strain and idleness. Measures such as redirecting patients to underutilized nearby fever clinics (sentinel clinics), establishing new fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in townships where conditions permit, adding more consultation rooms in areas where new construction is not feasible can alleviate the patient visit pressure for individuals with fever.

To strengthen the biosafety management of pathogen microbiology laboratories, understand the current management status of biosafety laboratories in various institutions, analyze existing issues, and explore solutions.

Using the registration system, we obtained the registration data of pathogen microbiology laboratories in Hangzhou as of the end of May 2023. From June to September 2023, we randomly selected 221 entities responsible for establishing pathogen microbiology laboratories in Hangzhou and their 636 successfully registered subordinate laboratories. On-site evaluation of pathogen microbiology laboratories in Hangzhou was conducted in accordance with the Specification for the Evaluation of Biosafety Laboratory Management and the on-site evaluation results regarding laboratory infection risks were analyzed.

The overall compliance rate with biosafety requirements among the inspected institutions in Hangzhou was 95.22%. There were differences in overall compliance rate among various types of institutions (χ² = 431.816, P < 0.001). The laboratories from different institutions showed differences in compliance rates (P < 0.05) in organizational management, laboratory facilities/equipment, personnel management, management of strains/samples, management of laboratory waste, housekeeping management, and fire safety management. No difference was observed in the compliance rates for routine management evaluation indicators (P > 0.05).

The laboratories in medical institutions of the county level and above and independent testing institutions in Hangzhou demonstrate good biosafety management status, whereas the management status of laboratories in private medical institutions, biotechnology enterprises, and township health centers needs improvement.

To analyze the age-period-cohort characteristics of hepatitis E incidence in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020, thereby providing support for the formulation of prevention and control measures.

Data on the incidence of hepatitis E among individuals aged 15 and above in the Yangtze River Delta region, covering four provinces/municipality from 2005 to 2020, were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze the trend of hepatitis E incidence. The Bayesian age-period-cohort effect model was employed to analyze the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect of hepatitis E incidence.

From 2005 to 2020, a total of 112 348 cases of hepatitis E aged 15 and above were reported in the Yangtze River Delta region, with an average age-standardized incidence rate of 3.393 cases per 100 000 individuals. The Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the age-standardized incidence rate of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020 initially rose (from 2005 to 2011, with an average annual percent change of 6.419%, P < 0.05) and then declined with fluctuations. The incidence trends in Anhui province, Jiangsu province, and Zhejiang province were consistent with the overall trend, while that in Shanghai remained steady with fluctuations. Bayesian age-period-cohort model analysis showed that in terms of age effect, the hepatitis E incidence rates in different provinces/municipality of the Yangtze River Delta region exhibited a consistent upward trend among people aged 15–74 years. With the increase in age after 70–74 years old, the incidence rate continued to rise in Anhui province and Shanghai, decreased in Jiangsu province, and remained steady in Zhejiang province. The trend of disease risk from 2005 to 2011 was consistent in Jiangsu province (rising from 0.74 to 1.21), Zhejiang province (rising from 0.84 to 1.07), and Anhui province (rising from 0.61 to 1.44), all showing an upward trend, while from 2011 to 2020, the trend declined, dropping to 0.79, 0.83, and 0.69, respectively. In Shanghai, the RR values from 2005 to 2013, 2014 to 2017, and 2018 to 2020 showed a decline (from 1.22 to 0.76), an increase (rising to 1.32), and then a decline again (down to 0.89). In terms of cohort effect, the overall risk of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region showed an increasing trend in the birth cohorts from 1918 to 1960 (overall RR value rising from 0.35 to 1.66). After 1960, Jiangsu province experienced the most significant decrease (RR value dropped from 1.51 to 0.17).

The hepatitis E incidence shows different trends among different provinces/municipality in the Yangtze River Delta region, generally exhibiting a fluctuating trend. Nevertheless, it remains necessary to strengthen health education and monitoring efforts for the elderly population aged 70–74 and above.

To understand the diphtheria antibody levels in the healthy population in Karamay city, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among healthy individuals who had lived for more than 6 months in four districts of Karamay city by the convenience sampling method. Venous blood was collected, and the diphtheria immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody level in the serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was conducted by rank sum test and χ² test.

A total of 3 508 participants were included in the study. The median concentration, positive rate, and protection rate of diphtheria IgG antibodies were 0.13 IU/mL, 99.97% and 58.07%, respectively. Differences in gender, district, age interval, and history of diphtheria vaccination caused differences in median concentration of diphtheria IgG antibodies (H values were 149.55, 21.29, 1 199.38, and 1 105.23, respectively, all P < 0.01) and protection rates (χ² values were 113.19, 19.15, 1 002.40, and 967.08, respectively, all P < 0.01). Among the 2 155 children and adolescents who had received ≥ 4 doses of a vaccine containing diphtheria components, the median concentrations of diphtheria IgG antibodies were 0.28, 0.17, 0.24, 0.18, and 0.21 IU/mL for those with vaccination durations of 6–23 months, 2–4 years, 5–7 years, 8–10 years, and 11–16 years respectively (H = 96.68, P < 0.01), and the antibody protection rates were 91.76%, 67.77%, 79.84%, 72.73%, and 77.68% respectively (χ² = 67.50, P < 0.01).

The overall diphtheria antibody level is high in the healthy population of Karamay city, and the level in the age group of < 18 years old is much higher than that in the age group of ≥ 18 years old. The implementation of the national immunization program for children of the appropriate age has a significant effect of preventing diphtheria in children. In the future, booster immunization with diphtheria-containing vaccines for adults should be considered.

To investigate the cognition and participation status of medical staff in medical alliance construction and explore the influencing factors of their participation, thus providing evidence for further promoting the construction of medical alliances.

From June to September 2024, a total of 400 medical staff members with working experience of no less than 5 years were recruited from a large grade A tertiary hospital in Fujian province by the convenience sampling method. An online questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze their cognition and participation in medical alliance construction. A multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the influencing factors of medical staff′s participation in medical alliance construction.

Among the finally included 381 medical staff members, 353 (92.65%) believed that the hospital′s medical alliance construction in recent years had achieved remarkable results; 361 (94.75%) held that it was necessary to dispatch management cadres to medical alliance institutions; 357 (93.70%) considered it necessary to assign technical and academic directors to medical alliance institutions; 306 (80.31%) reported that heavy clinical workload left them with little spare energy to carry out medical alliance-related work; 254 (66.67%) regarded the non-interconnection of information systems as the primary difficulty in two-way referral; and only 180 (47.24%) had participated in medical alliance construction. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that medical staff with intermediate and above professional titles, those working in departments that regularly carried out medical alliance work, and those in departments with established expert workstations had a higher participation level in medical alliance construction.

Medical staff have a high recognition degree of medical alliance construction, while their overall participation remains to be improved. Professional title of intermediate level or above, regular development of medical alliance work in departments, and the establishment of expert workstations are key factors facilitating medical staff′s participation. Heavy routine workload, insufficient information system support, and imperfect system construction are the main obstacles restricting their participation in medical alliance construction.

This study synthesizes field-based practices in public health emergency response during the 2025 summer flooding in Beijing, identifies prevailing gaps in current operations, and proposes targeted recommendations to inform and strengthen flood-related health emergency governance systems in megacities.

Using retrospective analysis and focus group methods, the study summarizes the organization, implementation, material support, technical measures, and management mechanisms of Beijing′s 2025 summer flood disaster health and epidemic prevention work.

Through high-level overall planning, inter-departmental collaboration, targeted policy formulation, grassroots implementation and public engagement, Beijing has steadily advanced post-disaster health and epidemic prevention work in an orderly manner and realized the objective of "preventing major epidemics in the aftermath of disasters". Nevertheless, several challenges remain: imperfect cross-departmental coordination mechanisms, emergency plans lacking sufficient pertinence and operability, inadequate grassroots capacity and supporting resources for epidemic prevention, imprecise health education delivery, as well as disjointed efforts between health supervision and technical epidemic prevention work.

Beijing′s overall response to the summer flood epidemic emergency was timely, with relatively systematic measures and strong execution. In the future, efforts should be made to further improve cross-departmental coordination mechanisms, refine plans and standardized procedures, strengthen grassroots epidemic prevention teams and funding assurance, enhance the accuracy of health education, clarify the boundaries between supervision and law enforcement and technical epidemic prevention responsibilities, and continuously improve the emergency management capabilities of epidemic prevention in capital city flood disasters.

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and causative agents of a gastroenteritis outbreak at a team-building facility, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control measures.

A field epidemiological investigation was conducted regarding a gastroenteritis outbreak that occurred on April 26, 2025, at a team-building facility in Ningbo city. Medical records were reviewed, and on-site interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted to establish a case definition. According to this definition, cases were identified, and data were collected to describe the epidemiological distribution characteristics of the cases. A case-control study was performed through propensity score matching (PSM) to match 69 cases with 69 controls at a ratio of 1 : 1, and potential causative factors were analyzed. Anal swab samples from cases and restaurant staff, food samples retained for testing, and environmental samples from the kitchen were collected for fluorescence quantitative PCR and bacteria isolation. Whole genome sequencing was performed for the isolates to trace the sources.

A total of 525 individuals were involved in the investigation. Seventy cases (including probable and confirmed cases) were identified, with an attack rate of 13.3%. The primary clinical symptoms were diarrhea (100.0%, 70/70) and abdominal pain (65.7%, 46/70), while vomiting was rare (4.3%, 3/70). The epidemic curve showed a point source exposure pattern, with a median incubation period of 14 h (range of 2–26 h). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that beer duck (OR = 3.028, 95%CI: 1.331–6.887), stir-fried vegetables (OR = 3.184, 95%CI: 1.461–6.936), and scrambled eggs with tomatoes (OR = 4.160, 95%CI: 1.715–10.089) increased the risk of disease. Laboratory tests found that among the 10 diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) nucleic acid-positive case samples, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) accounted for 80.0% (8/10), 10.0% (1/10), and 10.0% (1/10), respectively. EPEC nucleic acid was detected in multiple food and environmental samples such as stir-fried vegetables and stir-fried pork. The EPEC strains from the two cases were highly homologous (0 allele difference).

This is an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by polytype DEC (mainly EPEC) contaminating various dishes in the lunch of a team-building facility.

To evaluate the effectiveness, antibody persistence, and safety of Japanese encephalitis (JE) attenuated live vaccines and inactivated (Vero cell) vaccines currently used in China's national immunization program following primary immunization, thus providing evidence for optimizing JE vaccination strategies in China.

We systematically searched CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the safety and effectiveness of JE vaccines that were published from January 1, 2000 to February 28, 2025. RevMan 5.3 and R 4.4.1 were used for single-arm proportion meta-analyses.

A total of 20 eligible articles (9 in Chinese, 11 in English) were included, comprising 27 vaccine cohorts with 5 445 participants. Meta-analysis results showed that the pooled seroconversion rate (SCR) 28–30 days after primary immunization was 91.12% (95%CI: 84.75%–94.99%). The pooled antibody persistence rate 1 year after primary immunization was 86.32% (95%CI: 62.75%–95.94%). The pooled incidence of total adverse events (AEs) was 24.10% (95%CI: 14.59%–37.11%), and the pooled incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) was 0.19% (95%CI: 0.00%–0.91%). Subgroup analyses revealed differences in SCR across different geographical regions and age groups (all P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found in SCR, antibody persistence rate, total incidence of AEs, or incidence of SAEs between different vaccine types (all P > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were observed across regions or age groups for antibody persistence rate, total incidence of AEs, or incidence of SAEs (all P > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis using the study removal method showed that the meta-analysis results remained stable after excluding smaller studies.

The JE vaccines currently used in China demonstrate great immunogenicity, sustained immune protection, and acceptable safety after primary immunization. It is recommended that regional and population differences be considered in immunization strategy planning, and immunization protection and post-vaccination monitoring be strengthened for key populations such as children.

To explore the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), thus providing a theoretical basis for identifying the potential clinical value of ED in CHD risk prediction.

The English-language cohort studies on the association between ED and CHD published worldwide were systematically retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase, supplemented by reference tracing, with the time interval from database inception to September 11, 2025. A meta-analysis of the included studies was performed in Stata 18.0.

Finally, 7 cohort studies involving 14 397 participants with 1 395 incident cases of CHD were included. Meta-analysis showed that individuals with ED had a CHD risk 1.41 fold (RR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.28–1.56) of that among those without ED. Subgroup analyses revealed that ED was associated with an increased risk of CHD across subgroups stratified by age (≤70 years vs. >70 years), follow-up duration (≤5 years vs. >5 years), and ED diagnostic criteria (5-item International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF-5] vs. self-reported ED), with all P-values < 0.05. Sensitivity analyses and tests for publication bias indicated no significant publication bias among the included studies, and the overall results were robust and stable.

ED may be associated with an elevated risk of CHD.