To investigate the detection rate and influencing factors of carotid plaque and plaque burden in a population with the age ≥ 40 years and high stroke risk in Nanjing city, thereby providing evidence for stroke prevention and control.

As a part of the China National Stroke Screen Survey, the data were collected at 12 screening sites, which were selected from 4 districts (Pukou, Gaochun, Jiangning, and Liuhe) in Nanjing by Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Nanjing Brain Hospital from 2017 to 2020. A total of 5 636 residents aged 40 and above who were at high-risk for stroke and underwent ultrasound examination of carotid arteries were included in this study. The detection rates of carotid plaque and plaque burden were analyzed. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of carotid plaque and plaque burden.

Among the 5 636 residents included, 1 801 (32.0%) and 966 (17.1%) were detected with carotid plaque and plaque burden, respectively. The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression showed that age ≥ 50 years, educational background of college degree or above, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes increased the risk of carotid plaque, while living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, sufficient fruit intake, and obesity reduced the risk of carotid plaque. Moreover, age ≥ 50 years, hypertension and diabetes increased the risk of carotid plaque burden, while female, living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, sufficient fruit intake, and obesity reduced the risk of carotid plaque burden.

Although the detection rates of carotid plaque and plaque burden in population aged 40 and above and with high stroke risk in Nanjing were lower than that in other cities, the burden was still heavy. Age, residence, alcohol intake, fruit intake, hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index were the common influencing factors for carotid plaque and plaque burden in this population.

To predict the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and its risk factors among residents aged 35–75 years old in Xuzhou City, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control measures for CVD.

The data of residents aged 35–75 years old in Gulou district, Yunlong district, and Quanshan district of Xuzhou city collected during the baseline survey of the Jiangsu Province Comprehensive Prevention and Control Project for Cardiovascular Diseases in 2022–2023 were used. Information such as general data, body height, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was gathered through questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. The prediction for ASCVD risk in China (China-PAR) model was used to assess the 10-year risk of CVD among the surveyed subjects.

The 12 256 residents aged 35–75 years old in Xuzhou consisted of 3 956 (32.28%) males and 8 300 (67.72%) females. Males showed higher age, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, TG, smoking rate, hypertension prevalence, diabetes prevalence, and antihypertensive medication use than females (all P < 0.05). Females exhibited higher levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and CVD family history than males (all P < 0.05). The 10-year CVD risk among participants was 7.67%, and it was higher among males (10.85%) than among females (6.31%) (P < 0.01). The proportion of high-risk populations reached 37.73%, being higher in males (54.60%) than in females (29.69%) (P < 0.01). This proportion increased with age, and males in all age groups had higher proportions of high-risk populations than females. Aggregated risk factors of 1, 2, or ≥ 3 accounted for 28.24%, 28.11%, and 26.07%, respectively. The aggregation of risk factors in females increased with age (χ²_trend = 908.35, P < 0.001), while no such trend was observed in males (P > 0.05).

The 10-year CVD risk is high in the residents aged 35–75 years old in Xuzhou city. Males show higher risk, proportion of high-risk populations in different age groups, and aggregation of risk factors than females.

To investigate the detection status and its influencing factors of high-risk populations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among residents aged 35–75 years in Jinan for the prevention and control of CVD among residents in this region.

A multi-stage random cluster sampling method was employed to select a total of 30 217 residents aged 35–75 years from 129 communities/villages from Licheng and Zhangqiu districts of Jinan for the survey between September 2016 and June 2022. Data were collected via questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to identity the influencing factors of the detection status of high-risk CVD populations among residents in this region.

Among the 30 214 participants aged 35–75 years in Jinan, 7 633 (25.26%) participants were identified with a high risk for CVD. The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that age of 60 to 75 years, administrative/professional technical personnel, being retired/unemployed/homemakers, central obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were risk factors for the detection of high-risk CVD populations among residents aged 35–75 years in Jinan. Conversely, female, workers, employed in commercial/service industries, and agricultural household registration were protective factors.

The detection rate of high-risk CVD populations among residents aged 35–75 years was high in Jinan. Gender, age, occupation, registered permanent residence type, central obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were the main influencing factors for the detection of high-risk CVD populations among residents aged 35–75 years in this region.

To analyze multimorbidity networks in community-dwelling elderly adults in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou and provide evidence to inform chronic disease management in community settings.

A total of 54 829 individuals aged ≥ 65 years who participated in the National Free Health Examination Program in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou from January to December 2020 were included. Python 3.14.0 was used for hierarchical cluster analysis of the multimorbidity patterns, and Gephi 0.9.2 was employed to visually analyze the multimorbidity networks. Subsequently, subgroup analyses were conducted based on gender and clustering results.

The overall prevalence of multimorbidity in community-dwelling elderly adults in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou was 45.5% (24 922/54 829). The prevalence among males [44.2% (10 594/23 957)] was lower than that among females [46.4% (14 328/30 872)] (χ² = 28.00, P < 0.001). Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 105 binary and 455 ternary disease combinations. The top three binary combinations were coronary heart disease (CHD) + hypertension (36.9%), hyperlipidemia + hypertension (18.6%), and gout + osteoarthritis (5.7%), while the top three ternary combinations were CHD + hypertension + heart failure (8.8%), bronchial diseases + chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) + asthma (2.3%), and arrhythmia + hyperlipidemia + osteoporosis (1.5%). Network analysis of 15 chronic diseases revealed a network consisting of 15 nodes and 87 edges, with a network density of 0.83. The core diseases were osteoarthritis, gout, and CHD, with weighted degrees of 2.9, 2.6, and 2.1, respectively. Gender-specific subgroup analyses showed that the network density for males was 0.78, with CHD, heart failure, and stroke as key hubs (betweenness centrality: 3.7, 3.7, and 3.1, respectively). For females, the network density was 0.83, with gout, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthritis as key hubs (betweenness centrality: 2.3, 2.1, and 1.8, respectively). Clustering-based subgroup analysis showed that in the CHD + hypertension + heart failure group, hypertension was closely associated with CHD (weight: 0.39) and acted as the core disease (weighted degree: 0.73). For bronchial diseases + COPD + asthma, COPD was strongly connected to bronchial diseases (weight: 0.50) and served as the core disease (weighted degree: 0.77). In the arrhythmia + hyperlipidemia + osteoporosis combination, hyperlipidemia was associated with osteoporosis (weight: 0.07), with osteoporosis identified as the core disease (weighted degree: 0.11).

Multimorbidity is highly prevalent among community-dwelling elderly adults in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou, with complex interrelationships among chronic diseases. The multimorbidity network in females is more intricate than that in males. These findings highlight the need for community health institutions to implement targeted interventions tailored to gender differences.

To analyze the epidemiological trend and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of hepatitis C incidence in the mainland of China from 2004 to 2020, thereby providing a scientific basis for precise prevention and control.

Data were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center, covering reported hepatitis C cases and incidence rates across 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2020. The Joinpoint regression model was adopted to analyze the temporal trends by calculating the average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC), and the Bayesian spatiotemporal model proposed by Bernardinelli was employed to assess the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of hepatitis C.

From 2004 to 2020, the average annual incidence of hepatitis C in the mainland of China was 11.67 per 100 000, with yearly rates of 3.03, 4.07, 5.41, 7.03, 8.21, 9.93, 11.47, 12.97, 14.96, 15.00, 14.97, 15.26, 15.09, 15.51, 15.79, 16.02, and 13.82 per 100 000, respectively, showing an overall increasing trend (AAPC = 10.15%, 95%CI: 9.73%–10.64%). Significant upward trends were observed during 2004–2007 (APC = 33.17%, 95%CI: 29.75%–39.81%), 2008–2012 (APC = 15.79%, 95%CI: 14.03%–17.99%), and 2013–2018 (APC = 0.89%, 95%CI: 0.06%–5.08%), whereas a decline occurred during 2019–2020 (APC = –4.82%, 95%CI: –7.47% to –0.83%). Regional disparities were evident, with Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (551.51/100 000), Qinghai province (453.22/100 000), and Gansu province (430.73/100 000) exhibiting the highest average annual incidences, Xizang Autonomous Region showing the largest increase (AAPC = 26.40%, 95%CI: 21.32%–32.29%), and Beijing demonstrating a declining trend (APC = –3.93%, 95%CI: –5.91% to –0.74%). The Bayesian spatiotemporal model proposed by Bernardinelli indicated that the relative risk (RR) of hepatitis C across the mainland of China from 2004 to 2020 ranged from 0.012 to 4.248. Higher and more fluctuating RR values were observed in northwestern regions (including Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Qinghai province, and Gansu province), whereas southeastern coastal provinces (e.g., Zhejiang, Jiangsu), parts of northern China (e.g., Tianjin and Beijing), and southwestern regions (e.g., Xizang Autonomous Region) showed lower and more stable RR values. The RR values of most provincial-level administrative regions, such as Gansu province, Henan province, and Jilin province, displayed a rise–fall pattern, steadily increasing after 2004, peaking between 2013 and 2016, and then decreasing, while Yunnan province, Hunan province, and Sichuan province exhibited a continuous upward trend throughout the study period.

Between 2004 and 2020, the overall incidence of hepatitis C in the mainland of China exhibited an upward trend, with significant temporal and spatial variations. High-risk areas were concentrated in northwestern China, while certain provincial-level administrative regions in southwestern China showed marked increases in the incidence.

To understand the trends in tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality and the main risk factors for TB deaths in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) partner countries from 1990 to 2021, thus providing a reference for the rational allocation of health resources and the development of more scientific and reasonable prevention and control strategies for TB.

Data on TB incidence, mortality, and deaths attributable to TB risk factors in 155 BRI partner countries from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database. Descriptive analysis and Joinpoint regression model were employed to analyze the trends of TB incidence and mortality and the attribution of risk factors for TB death in the BRI partner countries.

The incidence and mortality of TB in the BRI partner countries showed an overall downward trend from 1990 to 2021. From 1990 to 2021, the incidence and mortality of TB decreased from 294.607 per 100 000 and 71.189 per 100 000 to 164.704 per 100 000 and 27.482 per 100 000 in Africa (52 countries), from 216.976 per 100 000 and 45.161 per 100 000 to 123.890 per 100 000 and 17.706 per 100 000 in Asia (41 countries), from 68.702 per 100 000 and 5.301 per 100 000 to 39.278 per 100 000 and 2.655 per 100 000 in Europe (27 countries), from 45.607 per 100 000 and 8.652 per 100 000 to 25.072 per 100 000 and 3.471 per 100 000 in North America (13 countries), from 79.327 per 100 000 and 22.496 per 100 000 to 72.417 per 100 000 and 15.767 per 100 000 in Oceania (12 countries), and from 61.993 per 100 000 and 10.340 per 100 000 to 33.563 per 100 000 and 3.172 per 100 000 in South America (10 countries). The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in TB incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2021 were –1.87% and –3.05%, –1.78% and –2.98%, –1.97% and –2.25%, –1.95% and –2.92%, –0.21% and –1.04%, –1.95% and –3.69%, respectively (all P < 0.05). The number of TB deaths attributable to smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes in the BRI partner countries in 1990 and 2021 were 126 861 and 87 786, 71 705 and 76 814, and 53 808 and 78 468, respectively. Among the risk factors, smoking had consistently been identified as the leading risk factor for TB death. The number of TB deaths attributable to diabetes increased in Africa, Asia, North America, Oceania, and South America in 2021 compared with that in 1990.

The incidence and mortality of TB in the 155 BRI partner countries showed an overall downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Smoking remained the key risk factor for TB death, while the number of deaths attributable to diabetes increased.

To estimate the socio-economic burden caused by various types of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Guangdong province from 2015 to 2023.

On the basis of the previous studies of disease economic burden and the data of HFMD reported in Guangdong from 2015 to 2023, the economic burdens of common cases (including outpatients and inpatients), severe cases, and death cases of HFMD were estimated. The per capita productivity loss caused by premature death of HFMD in different age groups was calculated by the human capital method.

From 2015 to 2023, a total of 2 727 381 cases of HFMD were reported in Guangdong province, with 99.96% classified as common cases, 932 severe cases, and 33 death cases. The annual economic loss attributable to HFMD in Guangdong province during this period remained stable at 357 million–523 million CNY, except for a notable decrease between 2020 and 2022, when it was estimated at 76 million–370 million CNY. The economic burden of common cases accounted for 99.38%. The economic burden of severe cases accounted for 0.59%, showing a fluctuating downward trend from 5 million CNY in 2015 to 0.756 3 million CNY in 2023. The economic burden associated with death cases accounted for 1.03%, exhibiting a declining trend from 6 million CNY in 2015 to no death in 2022–2023, with premature death losses constituting 98.41%–98.66% of total death losses.

The socio-economic burden caused by HFMD in Guangdong province has been generally stable from 2015 to 2023, apart from a decline in 2020–2022. The burden was mainly attributable to common cases, and the disease burden of severe and death cases decreased with fluctuations. It is recommended that we should closely monitor changes in the composition of the economic burden of HFMD and adjust prevention and control strategies accordingly.

To investigate the vaccination rate and willingness for herpes zoster (HZ) among the elderly in Ningbo city, as well as the influencing factors.

From March to June 2024 A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select older adults aged ≥ 60 years from 10 districts/counties in Ningbo between March and June 2024 for a questionnaire survey. The awareness rates of HZ and its vaccine, vaccination rate, vaccination willingness, and influencing factors were analyzed.

A total of 4 619 older adults were included in the study. The HZ vaccination rate among the surveyed population was 1.04% (48/4619). The primary reason for non-vaccination was lack of awareness about the HZ vaccine (61.63%), followed by perceived lack of necessity (25.89%). Of the elderly, 33.54% (1 533/4 571) expressed willingness to consider HZ vaccination in the future. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that higher HZ vaccination rates were associated with the male gender (OR = 7.063, 95%CI: 3.172–15.727), age ≥ 75 years (OR = 13.289, 95%CI: 5.371–32.878), education background of senior high school or above (OR = 4.022, 95%CI: 1.726–9.374), absence of underlying diseases (OR = 7.299, 95%CI: 3.175–16.949), self-rated health as "relatively good" (compared to "good", OR = 8.667, 95%CI: 2.690–27.924), knowledge score ≥ average (OR = 13.564, 95%CI: 3.120–58.958), and prior introduction of the vaccine by healthcare providers (OR = 3.892, 95%CI: 1.860–8.144). Among unvaccinated respondents, higher willingness for HZ vaccination was observed among residents aged ≥ 75 years (OR = 1.531, 95%CI: 1.323–1.773), with education background of junior high school or below (OR = 1.515, 95%CI: 1.206–1.901), no history of immune-related diseases (OR = 2.725, 95%CI: 1.517–4.902), knowledge score ≥ average (OR = 2.236, 95%CI: 1.943–2.572), and prior introduction of the vaccine by healthcare providers (OR = 3.476, 95%CI: 3.022–3.998).

The vaccination rate and willingness for HZ among the elderly in Ningbo are generally low. It is recommended that efforts should be made to enhance health education to improve vaccine awareness and strengthen healthcare professionals' advocacy for vaccination. Additionally, proactive efforts should be made to promote vaccination for HZ among elderly individuals with underlying diseases.

To understand the current salt reduction environment and the sodium content of popular dishes in restaurants and canteens in Beijing, thereby providing a scientific basis for the salt reduction intervention in the future.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 3 083 random diners from 47 restaurants of different scales and 20 canteens in 12 districts of Beijing from May to August 2022 to understand the salt reduction environment and salt reduction services. Two hundred popular dish samples were collected, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to measure the sodium content in the dish samples. The chi-square test was performed for inter-group comparisons of the salt reduction environment, while the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test were conducted for inter-group comparisons of sodium content in dishes.

The proportions of restaurants and canteens with signs related to low salt diet were 53.19% (25/47) and 65.00% (13/20), respectively. The proportions of restaurants and canteens with reading materials for salt reduction were 51.06% (24/47) and 65.00% (13/20), respectively. The proportions of restaurants and canteens offering low-salt dishes were 55.32% (26/47) and 50.00% (10/20), respectively. In the case of food ordering, 16.67% (2/12) of waiters in small restaurants actively asked about less salt, which was lower than that (62.07%, 18/29) in large restaurants (χ² = 7.003, P = 0.015). The sodium content of 200 popular dishes ranged from 5.69 mg/100 g to 1 139.05 mg/100 g, with a median of 378.46 mg/100 g. The sodium content of restaurant dishes was higher than that of canteen dishes (Z = –2.032, P = 0.042). The sodium content of meat dishes was higher than that of meat and vegetable dishes and vegetable dishes (P < 0.001). The sodium content of dishes cooked by stir frying, deep frying, and stewing was higher than that of steamed and boiled dishes (all P < 0.05). Among the dishes, 22.50% (45/200) had the total sodium content ≥ 2 000 mg (equivalent to 5 g salt). The proportion of total sodium content ≥ 2 000 mg was higher in large restaurants (34.48%, 30/87), medium-sized restaurants (33.33%, 6/18), meat dishes (28.81%, 17/59), stir-fried dishes (27.88%, 29/104), and cold dishes (25.00%, 5/20).

Some restaurants and canteens in Beijing lack a supportive environment for salt reduction, and the sodium content of some dishes is still high, especially in restaurants. It is suggested that efforts should be made to strengthen salt reduction intervention in the catering industry and bolster the publicity and education of salt reduction.