To examine the age-related trajectories of the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) and their longitudinal association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among middle-aged and elderly Chinese residents, providing scientific evidence for dietary guidance in T2DM prevention.

Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort (1991–2018). A total of 4 342 participants aged ≥ 40 years without baseline diabetes, who had completed ≥ 3 rounds of dietary surveys and ≥ 2 rounds of assessments on sociodemographics, lifestyle, medical history, anthropometry, and blood glucose, were included. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to identify E-DII trajectory patterns, and a two-level Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the association between E-DII trajectories and T2DM incidence.

The study included 4 342 middle-aged and elderly participants aged ≥ 40 years, contributing 29 979 person-years of follow-up, mean follow-up (6.90 ± 2.54) person-years. During the follow-up, 401 T2DM cases were identified, yielding an incidence density of 13.38 per 1 000 person-years and a cumulative incidence of 9.24%. Three distinct E-DII trajectory groups were identified for both sexes. Among males, the three groups were labeled as "moderate pro-inflammatory–increasing" (78.82%), "moderate pro-inflammatory–decreasing" (6.10%), and "high pro-inflammatory–stable" (15.08%) groups, with cumulative T2DM incidence rates of 10.05%, 14.17%, and 11.45%, respectively. Among females, the three groups were "low pro-inflammatory–increasing" (16.60%), "moderate pro-inflammatory–decreasing" (6.74%), and "moderate pro-inflammatory–stable" (76.66%) groups, with cumulative T2DM incidence rates of 9.90%, 3.75%, and 8.19%, respectively. After adjusting for baseline age, educational background, marital status, residence, annual per capita family income, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleep duration, chronic disease history, mean daily energy intake, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and follow-up duration, a two-level Cox proportional hazards regression model revealed that females in the "moderate pro-inflammatory–stable" and "low pro-inflammatory–increasing" groups had 3.22-fold (95%CI: 1.37–7.55) and 4.81-fold (95%CI: 1.96–11.83) higher risks of T2DM, respectively, than those in the "moderate pro-inflammatory–decreasing" group. No significant association was observed in males.

Pro-inflammatory dietary patterns are prevalent among middle-aged and elderly Chinese residents. In females, both an upward trend in E-DII with age and sustained high pro-inflammatory levels are associated with an elevated risk of T2DM.

To analyze the current status and equity of human resource allocation in centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) at the county level in China, thereby providing reference for promoting the high-quality development of county-level CDCs.

The data were collected from the National Disease Prevention and Control Integrated Management System and the 2019–2023 Statistical Yearbooks. The Gini coefficient, Theil index, and health resource density index were adopted to analyze the current status and equity of human resource allocation in China′s county-level CDCs in the dimensions of population, geography, and economy.

In 2023, the staff size and ratio in China′s county-level CDCs reached 162 836 and 1.16 per 10 000, respectively, both demonstrating consistent year-on-year growth. The Gini coefficient of all regions was less than 0.2 according to population distribution, less than 0.3 according to economic level distribution, less than 0.4 in eastern and central China and close to 0.6 in western China according to geographical area distribution. The Theil index across regions was approximately 0.36 in the geographical dimension, and 0.02 and 0.07 in the population and economic dimensions, respectively. For population and geographical dimensions, the intra-regional contribution exceeded that between regions, while the opposite pattern held for the economic dimension. The national and regional health resource density index showed an increasing trend year by year.

The staff size in China′s county-level CDCs has shown sustained growth. Their distribution remains relatively equitable across population and economic dimensions, but exhibits weaker equity in the geographical dimension. Efforts should focus on promoting intra-regional coordination and integration of human resources to reduce disparities within regions.

To investigate the detection rate and influencing factors of carotid plaque and plaque burden in a population with the age ≥ 40 years and high stroke risk in Nanjing city, thereby providing evidence for stroke prevention and control.

As a part of the China National Stroke Screen Survey, the data were collected at 12 screening sites, which were selected from 4 districts (Pukou, Gaochun, Jiangning, and Liuhe) in Nanjing by Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Nanjing Brain Hospital from 2017 to 2020. A total of 5 636 residents aged 40 and above who were at high-risk for stroke and underwent ultrasound examination of carotid arteries were included in this study. The detection rates of carotid plaque and plaque burden were analyzed. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of carotid plaque and plaque burden.

Among the 5 636 residents included, 1 801 (32.0%) and 966 (17.1%) were detected with carotid plaque and plaque burden, respectively. The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression showed that age ≥ 50 years, educational background of college degree or above, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes increased the risk of carotid plaque, while living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, sufficient fruit intake, and obesity reduced the risk of carotid plaque. Moreover, age ≥ 50 years, hypertension and diabetes increased the risk of carotid plaque burden, while female, living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, sufficient fruit intake, and obesity reduced the risk of carotid plaque burden.

Although the detection rates of carotid plaque and plaque burden in population aged 40 and above and with high stroke risk in Nanjing were lower than that in other cities, the burden was still heavy. Age, residence, alcohol intake, fruit intake, hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index were the common influencing factors for carotid plaque and plaque burden in this population.

To assess the satisfaction of trainees with the 2024 large-scale online learning program within China's disease control and prevention system (CDC system), thus providing reference data for optimizing talent development within the CDC system.

Data of satisfaction surveys were collected from 44 333 trainees across all levels of CDC institutions and related organizations nationwide who participated in the online training program from November 7 to December 15, 2024, via the National CDC Integrated Management Platform. The analysis focused on the drivers of participation, satisfaction with the training program, perceptions of learning outcomes and knowledge application, as well as the strengths of the learning platform and barriers affecting participation.

Among the 44 333 trainees participating in the CDC system's online learning program, 69.2% were motivated by enhancing their professional skills and competencies. Trainee satisfaction rates for course module design and recording, instructors, course contents, targeted thematic design, and course duration were 87.9%, 92.2%, 90.8%, 90.2%, and 84.7%, respectively. Among the trainees, 97.4% believed the online learning enhanced their understanding of professional knowledge and broadened their knowledge base, while 92.0% indicated the knowledge and skills acquired could be easily applied to their actual work. The primary strength of the CDC system's large-scale online learning platform was its abundant resources, whereas the lack of practical activities and opportunities for interaction constituted the main barriers affecting participant engagement.

Trainees demonstrate high satisfaction with the CDC system's large-scale online learning program. The initiative achieved broad coverage of high-quality resources, though improvements are needed in course duration scheduling and teaching interactivity.

To preliminarily develop the disclosure-to-healthcare-worker status scale for people living with HIV through the Delphi method and assess the authenticity, breadth, and depth of participants′ psychological inclination when disclosing information to healthcare workers, thereby informing the prediction of HIV-related disclosure behaviors.

Following a systematic literature review, an initial item pool was generated. Between June and September 2025, 32 multidisciplinary experts were invited to participate in two Delphi rounds. Experts rated their familiarity with and rationale for each domain, as well as the importance and relevance of every item on a 5-point Likert scale. The response rate was calculated to reflect expert engagement. The authority coefficient (Cr) was adopted to indicate result credibility. The coefficient of variation (CV) and Kendall′s W were used to evaluate consensus. Items with mean importance or relevance ≥ 3.5 and CV < 0.25 were retained and then finalized after team discussion and expert feedback.

The response rate of the experts in both rounds was 96.88% (31/32), with Cr values of 0.847 and 0.852, respectively. The Kendall′s W values of expert opinions on the importance and relevance of items were 0.152 and 0.117 in the first round and 0.090 and 0.082 in the second round, respectively. The results of the first round of expert consultation showed that the items had the importance scores of 2.68–4.81 points (CV of 0.084–0.581) and the relevance scores of 2.74–4.68 points (CV of 0.116–0.557). The results of the second round of expert consultation showed that the items had the importance scores of 4.16–4.90 points (CV of 0.061–0.264) and the relevance scores of 4.23–4.87 points (CV of 0.077–0.257). After two rounds of expert consultation and expert group meetings, a 47-item scale was finally determined, including individual psychological characteristics, situations, perceived risks, perceived benefits, and disclosure effectiveness.

This study developed a 47-item disclosure-to-healthcare-worker status scale for people living with HIV to access their actual attitudes, concerns, and tendencies when disclosing relevant information to healthcare workers. Although the reliability and validity of this scale remains to be tested, the developed scale provides a basis for improving doctor-patient communication and enhancing the quality of HIV prevention and control services.

To construct the evaluation indexes for adolescent medical literacy based on the core literacy framework, thus providing a scientific basis for education and health departments to formulate and implement effective health education interventions and the research on adolescent medical literacy.

From November 2024 to October 2025, through literature review, semi-structured interviews, and group discussions, the item pool of indexes was constructed. Delphi method was employed to conduct two rounds of consultation with 18 experts to determine the evaluation indexes, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted to calculate the weight of each index.

The questionnaire recovery rates in the two rounds of expert consultation were both 100%, and the expert authority coefficients were both 0.93, indicating a high degree of expert authority. The two rounds of expert consultation showed the Kendall′s coefficients of concordance of expert opinions being 0.316 and 0.276 and the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) being 0.935 and 0.961, respectively, which indicated that the expert opinions were consistent. The evaluation index system of medical literacy for adolescents was composed of 56 items in 11 second-level indexes from 3 dimensions of basic medical knowledge, medical rescue skills, and medical cognitive attitude. The first-level indexes with weights from high to low were basic medical knowledge (0.400), medical cognitive attitude (0.400), and medical rescue skills (0.200). Among the second-level indexes, cognition (0.500), disease prevention and treatment knowledge (0.391), common emergency treatment (0.351), and basic life knowledge (0.351) ranked the top four. The consistency ratios of the first-level indexes, the second-level indexes, and the third-level indexes were all less than 0.1, which met the standard requirements of consistency test, and the weight distribution of indexes was reasonable.

The evaluation indexes of adolescent medical literacy are scientific and reliable, which can provide reference for education departments and schools to formulate the curriculum contents of adolescent health education.

To grasp the occurrence pattern and epidemiological characteristics of poisonous mushroom poisoning events in China from 2014 to 2023, thus providing a basis for the prevention and control of poisonous mushroom poisoning.

The epidemiological characteristics of poisonous mushroom poisoning incidents reported by the Public Health Emergency Reporting Management Information System (PHERMIS) nationwide from 2014 to 2023 were descriptively analyzed.

From 2014 to 2023, a total of 570 poisonous mushroom poisoning incidents were reported nationwide, involving 2 768 reported poisoning cases and 604 deaths. The incidents with 1 to 2 cases and 1 death were predominant, accounting for 35.79% and 48.77% of the total number of incidents, respectively. June to September was the period with high incidence (83.51%) of poisonous mushroom poisoning. Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou were the provinces with higher incidence of poisonous mushroom poisoning, with the reported incidents accounting for 35.79%, 16.32%, and 10.70% of the total, respectively. Self-picked poisonous mushrooms were the main source of poisoning, which accounted for 91.75% of the total number of incidents. The occurrence place of the incidents was mainly households, which accounted for 86.67% of the total number of incidents. Twenty-four species of poisonous mushrooms were identified through the surveillance reports, of which Amanita (Amanitaceae) caused the highest number of poisonous mushroom poisoning incidents, poisoning, and deaths, which accounted for 23.86%, 18.03%, and 31.46% of the total, respectively.

Deaths caused by poisonous mushroom poisoning remain the main factor of deaths caused by food poisoning. The incidence is high in summer and fall, and accidental picking and ingestion by families are the main cause. The poisonous mushrooms eaten by mistake mainly belong to Amanita.

To understand the trend of disease burden of dengue fever in the population < 20 years old in China from 1990 to 2021 and provide scientific evidence for the development of targeted prevention and control policies.

The data of disease burden of dengue fever in the population < 20 years old in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD 2021). The standardized incidence rate and standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate were used for descriptive analysis. A Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze the trend of disease burden of dengue fever in the population < 20 years old in China from 1990 to 2021, and annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated.

The standardized incidence rate of dengue fever in the population < 20 years old in China increased from 0.42/100 000 in 1990 to 2.14/100 000 in 2021, showing an overall upward trend (AAPC = 5.40%, P < 0.001). The standardized DALYs rate decreased from 0.71/100 000 in 1990 to 0.07/100 000 in 2021, demonstrating a declining trend (AAPC = –7.09%, P < 0.001). The standardized incidence rate of dengue fever increased the most from 2010 to 2014 (APC = 21.19%, P < 0.001), and the standardized DALYs rate of dengue fever decreased the most from 1992 to 1998 (APC = –16.78%, P < 0.001). The standardized incidence rates of dengue fever in males, females, population < 5, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–19 years old increased from 0.39/100 000, 0.45/100 000, 0.29/100 000, 0.53/100 000, 0.46/100 000, and 0.41/100 000 in 1990 to 2.01/100 000, 2.28/100 000, 1.53/100 000, 2.53/100 000, 2.31/100 000, and 2.08/100 000 in 2021, respectively, showing a rising trend (all P < 0.001). The standardized DALYs rates of dengue fever in males, females, population < 5, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–19 years old decreased from 0.88/100 000, 0.52/100 000, 2.36/100 000, 0.37/100 000, 0.07/100 000 and 0.04/100 000 in 1990 to 0.08/100 000, 0.06/100 000, 0.15/100 000, 0.07/100 000, 0.03/100 000, and 0.03/100 000 in 2021, respectively, presenting a declining trend (all P < 0.001).

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence rate of dengue fever in the population < 20 years old in China showed an increasing trend, while the DALYs rate showed a decreasing trend. The incidence rate in females and the population < 5 years old increased more.