To evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the adsorbed acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine in infants and young children aged 2 years and under in Gansu province, thereby providing evidence for optimizing the immunization strategies for pertussis in underdeveloped western regions of China.

A retrospective cohort was established, including 176 688 resident children born in Gansu province from January 1 to December 31, 2023. The Poisson regression model was adopted to calculate the relative risk (RR) for evaluating the VE of 1–4 doses of DTaP vaccine against pertussis and pertussis-related hospitalization, after adjusting for factors such as region and sex.

The coverage rates of the 1st to 4th doses of DTaP vaccine among infants and young children aged 2 years and under in Gansu province were 92.88%, 91.15%, 89.22%, and 41.96%, respectively. The VE of the 1st to 4th doses against pertussis was 43.67% (95%CI: 39.60%–55.21%), 71.30% (95%CI: 50.13%–79.96%), 90.91% (95%CI: 88.82%–92.68%), and 99.20% (95%CI: 77.91%–99.80%), respectively. The VE of the 1st to 4th doses against pertussis-related hospitalization was 56.14% (95%CI: 18.13%–77.80%), 63.90% (95%CI: 22.71%–85.46%), 73.02% (95%CI: 58.10%–82.34%), and 94.40% (95%CI: 64.32%–98.70%), respectively.

The DTaP vaccine provides significant protection against pertussis and pertussis-related hospitalization in infants and young children aged 2 years and under in Gansu province in a dose-dependent manner. Efforts should focus on improving the timeliness of primary immunization and the coverage of booster doses.

To evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city, Guangdong province during the 2024–2025 academic year, thus providing evidence for the cost-effectiveness evaluation of publicly funded influenza vaccine (InfV) programs.

Data on the roster of in-school primary school students in Longgang district from August 2024 to July 2025, together with their influenza incidence and InfV vaccination records, were extracted from the Longgang District Student Health Monitoring Information System, the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Shenzhen Immunization Program Information Management System. According to class-level InfV vaccination coverage, students were stratified into four groups: <50.00%, 50.00%–74.99%, 75.00%–100%, and an overall group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to balance covariates between the TIV-vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, forming a comparable real-world retrospective cohort. Multivariable Cox regression models were employed to estimate the adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) of TIV against influenza.

After PSM, the overall group comprised 159 336 participants in both the TIV-vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with influenza incidence densities of 1.40 and 2.35 per 100 person-years, respectively. The aVE (95%CI) of TIV against influenza by class-level vaccination coverage was 29.83% (21.00% to 37.67%) for the < 50.00% group, 37.84% (31.39% to 43.67%) for the 50.00%–74.99% group, 41.06% (36.23% to 45.53%) for the 75.00%–100% group, and 40.31% (36.44% to 43.95%) for the overall group. By age subgroups, the aVE (95%CI) was 46.75% (42.22% to 50.93%) for students of 6 to 8 years old and 28.76% (21.34% to 35.48%) for students of 9 to 12 years old. By vaccination history, the aVE (95%CI) was 46.52% (41.15% to 51.40%) for those unvaccinated the previous year and 35.78% (30.20% to 40.92%) for those vaccinated previously. Against influenza A, B, and mixed A+B, the aVE (95%CI) was 42.33% (37.48% to 46.80%), 35.64% (23.43% to 45.90%), and 21.00% (−22.46% to 49.04%), respectively.

TIV vaccination conferred substantial protective effects against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district during the 2024–2025 academic year. Annual timely administration of InfV before the influenza epidemic season and maintenance of high vaccination coverage are recommended.

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of mumps breakthrough cases and evaluate vaccine effectiveness among children born in Shapingba district, Chongqing from 2008 to 2018, thus providing evidence for optimizing mumps immunization strategies and formulating precise prevention and control measures.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among children born between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2018 and residing in Shapingba district. Basic information and vaccination records for mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) were obtained from the Chongqing Immunization Planning Information Management System. Mumps incidence data were retrieved from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention by matching child′s name, date of birth, gender, and current address. Participants were categorized into 1-dose, 2-dose, and 3-dose groups according to MuCV vaccination doses. Follow-up started from the completion date of each dose and ended at either mumps diagnosis or the study cutoff date (December 31, 2023). Person-years were calculated through the exact calculation method to determine incidence density. Univariate Poisson regression was employed to estimate disease risk across groups, while analyzing demographic characteristics, onset time, and time intervals from MuCV vaccination to mumps onset among breakthrough cases.

The total incidence density of mumps breakthrough cases among children born in Shapingba district, Chongqing from 2008 to 2018 was 21.16 per 10 000 person-years (1 149 cases). The overall incidence of breakthrough cases showed a bimodal distribution pattern, with peaks occurring from April to June and in September. The median intervals from MuCV vaccination to disease onset for breakthrough cases in the 1-dose, 2-dose, and 3-dose groups were 36.50 (24.02, 51.09) months, 59.60 (45.37, 74.00) months, and 80.40 (62.22, 97.49) months, respectively, with differences among the groups (H = 89.63, P < 0.001). The total incidence density of breakthrough cases among children who received 1, 2, and 3 doses of MuCV was 24.82, 16.60, and 10.05 per 10 000 person-years, respectively. Children receiving 2-dose MuCV had a 33% reduced risk of mumps breakthrough infection compared to those receiving 1-dose MuCV (VE = 33%, 95%CI: 24%–41%, P < 0.001).

The total incidence density of mumps breakthrough cases was relatively high among children born in Shapingba district, Chongqing from 2008 to 2018, with peak incidence occurring from April to June and in September. Two-dose MuCV vaccination can extend the duration of immune protection and significantly reduce the risk of breakthrough infection.

To evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of varicella vaccine (VarV) in individuals aged 2–17 years in a real-world setting.

On the basis of linked surveillance system data in 2024, a 1:3 individually matched case-control study design was adopted. Chi-square tests were conducted to compare distribution differences between groups. A conditional logistic regression model was employed to calculate the VE of VarV.

This study included 928 subjects (232 cases and 696 controls). There were differences (all P<0.001) between the case and control groups in terms of immunization history, number of doses, age at initial vaccination, and time since vaccination. The overall VE of VarV against varicella was 71.55% (95%CI: 60.26%–79.63%). The VE of one dose (VarV1) and two doses (VarV2) was 60.95% (95%CI: 41.85%–73.78%) and 76.73% (95%CI: 66.29%–83.93%), respectively. VE for initial vaccination at age of 1, 2, and ≥3 years was 71.13% (95%CI: 59.33%–79.51%), 82.15% (95%CI: 56.01%–92.76%), and 67.27% (95%CI: 37.07%–82.98%), respectively. The VE within ≤5 years, 6–10 years, and ≥11 years after the last dose was 80.93% (95%CI: 71.42%–87.28%), 66.20% (95%CI: 48.78%–77.69%), and 46.49% (95%CI: 12.57%–67.25%), respectively.

VarV demonstrates significant effectiveness in real-world settings, with two-dose vaccination providing superior protection. However, its VE notably wanes with time since vaccination.

To understand the degree of hesitancy among parents regarding their children′s vaccination with non-immunization program vaccines and its influencing factors, thus providing a basis for formulating targeted intervention measures.

A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select 4 182 parents of children aged 1-6 who accompanied their children to vaccination in 60 community health service centers in urban, suburban, and exurban areas of Beijing. The questionnaire survey was conducted with the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale, and the score of the scale, the proportion of vaccine hesitancy and its influencing factors were analyzed.

The median (interquartile range) of the PACV scale score was 33.33 (20.00, 43.33). The proportion of vaccine hesitancy was 13.03% (545/4 182), and the hesitancy proportions for the 15 items in the scale ranged from 6.46% to 83.62%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that parents of children with non-local household registration (OR=1.313, 95%CI: 1.072–1.607) and male parents (OR = 1.487, 95%CI: 1.240–1.783) had a higher risk of vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, parents aged 30–39 years (OR = 0.668, 95%CI: 0.529–0.843), 40–49 years (OR = 0.690, 95%CI: 0.503-0.947), and ≥50 years (OR = 0.431, 95%CI: 0.267–0.696), as well as those with an annual household income of 100 000–190 000 yuan (OR = 0.644, 95%CI: 0.521–0.797), 200 000–490 000 yuan (OR = 0.567, 95%CI: 0.440–0.730), and ≥500 000 yuan (OR = 0.578, 95%CI: 0.393–0.849), and parents who were homemakers or unemployed (OR = 0.390, 95%CI: 0.232–0.656) had a lower risk of vaccine hesitancy. The top three items in terms of the proportion of parents′ hesitation were concern about children suffering severe adverse reactions after receiving paid vaccines (83.62%), the belief that children were vaccinated with more paid vaccines than needed (73.34%), and concerns about the safety of paid vaccines (70.30%).

The overall proportion of vaccine hesitancy among parents of children in Beijing regarding non-immunization program vaccines is relatively low, while the popularization and education of vaccine knowledge should still be strengthened to further reduce vaccine hesitancy.

To investigate public online attention, attitudes, and influencing factors regarding non-national immunization program vaccines (NIPVs) for infants and young children on social media platforms, thereby providing a reference for optimizing vaccine communication strategies.

Daily national Baidu index data for 10 topics related to the pentavalent vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), and their corresponding diseases from July 2023 to June 2024 were collected. Additionally, 24 353 relevant notes were screened and included from five high-traffic maternal and infant topics—“Baby Vaccines,” “Self-paid Vaccines,” “Pertussis,” “New Moms,” and “Late Pregnancy”—on the Xiaohongshu platform between October 2023 and September 2024. Time-series analysis was conducted to describe trends in public attention. Content analysis was performed to classify attitudes in high-engagement Xiaohongshu notes and to identify the drivers and barriers influencing public vaccination decisions.

Baidu index analysis revealed a temporal association between public attention toward NIPVs and the epidemic trends of corresponding diseases. This was most notable during the peak search period for "Pertussis," which coincided with a significant rise in attention for the "Pentavalent vaccine." Content analysis of Xiaohongshu notes indicated that for polyvalent vaccines (represented by the pentavalent vaccine), positive attitudes accounted for 40.88%, driven primarily by the convenience of reduced injection frequency (45.91%). However, negative attitudes were also relatively prominent (12.57%), centering on high costs (16.98%) and the cost-effectiveness of alternative options (18.87%). Public concerns regarding PCV13 and the rotavirus vaccine focused mainly on adverse reactions following immunization, accounting for 20.99% and 21.12%, respectively.

Convenience, cost-effectiveness, and safety are the three core dimensions influencing parental decisions regarding NIPV vaccination for infants and young children. Vaccine communication strategies should be tailored to the specific public opinion foci of different vaccine types to break down information barriers and facilitate effective communication within broader maternal and infant communities.

To explore the factors influencing parents′ intention to vaccinate their daughters against HPV among primary and secondary school students based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model, thus providing evidence for improving the HPV vaccination rate among adolescent girls.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2024. A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 1 276 parents with at least one daughter aged 9 to 14 from Xiangcheng district, Suzhou city. Data on parents′ intention to vaccinate their daughters against HPV and associated influencing factors were collected, with subgroup analyses performed according to parents′ gender.

Among the 1 276 participants, 89.0% were mothers. Although 64.42% of parents expressed intention to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, the actual vaccination rate was only 14.73%. Maternal own intention to be vaccinated emerged as the strongest associated factor of their daughters′ HPV vaccination across all models (total population: OR = 14.85, 95%CI: 9.95–22.16; mothers: OR = 14.22, 95%CI: 9.35–21.62; fathers: OR = 69.08, 95%CI: 9.78–488.01). Gender-stratified analyses revealed that HPV knowledge significantly influenced vaccination intention only among fathers (OR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.08–2.32), while perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.02–1.67), social norms (OR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.28–2.66), anticipated regret (OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.26–2.18), and self-efficacy (OR = 2.86, 95%CI: 1.67–4.90) were significant predictors among mothers. Perceived barriers were a significant negative predictor across all groups (total population: OR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.30–0.55; mothers: OR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.30–0.57; fathers: OR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.06–0.89). The IMB model demonstrated good explanatory power for parents′ intention of HPV vaccination for their daughters.

Parents′ intention to vaccinate their daughters against HPV is influenced by multiple factors and exhibits significant gender differences. The IMB model offers an effective theoretical framework for understanding the influencing factors in parents′ decision-making regarding HPV vaccination for their daughters.

To predict the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) incidence in the elderly population based on a risk assessment model, thereby providing evidence for implementing risk factor interventions among high-risk older adults to delay or prevent the onset of ASCVD.

A random cluster sampling method was employed to select 47 community health service centers in Shenzhen. All older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) who received the health management services of the National Essential Public Health Services Program from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 were included as participants. General information and physical examination results were collected. The China-PAR risk assessment model was used to calculate the 10-year risk scores and stratify the risk levels of ASCVD among the older adults.

This study included a total of 94 362 older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) from 2018 to 2022, comprising 41 552 males (44.03%) and 52 810 females (55.97%), with a mean age of (72.40 ± 5.42) years. Within the cohort, 14.68% were affected by diabetes, 34.59% by hypertension, and 8.11% by a combination of both diseases. The median 10-year ASCVD risk for the entire population during 2018–2022 was 11.46%, with females exhibiting a lower overall risk than males (9.57% vs. 13.50%). The median 10-year ASCVD risk exhibited an overall increasing trend among the older adults in Shenzhen from 2018 to 2022, with values of 11.20% in 2018, 11.40% in 2019, 11.55% in 2020, 11.51% in 2021, and 11.46% in 2022. Differences in ASCVD risk were identified across sex (χ² = 256.081), district (χ² = 258.537), and hypertension/diabetes status (χ² = 668.698) (all P < 0.001). Risk stratification revealed that low- and intermediate-risk individuals had higher proportions (1.30% and 37.36%, respectively) in 2018 and high-risk individuals had a higher proportion (64.61%) in 2020. Females predominated in the low- (95.40%) and intermediate-risk (86.04%) groups, whereas males constituted a majority (61.32%) in the high-risk group. High-risk individuals were the most prevalent across all chronic disease statuses. Geographical analysis showed that Longhua had the highest prevalence of low-risk individuals (22.18%), while Longgang led the moderate-risk group (23.69%). High-risk elderly individuals were primarily distributed across Longgang (25.59%) and Longhua (21.54%).

The 10-year ASCVD risk among the older adults in Shenzhen showed an increasing trend from 2018 to 2022. Essential public health services should strengthen the early identification of ASCVD risk factors and implement timely, risk-based stratified management, particularly targeting elderly males with chronic conditions or comorbidities.

To analyze national-level priority development policies in the education sector and thus provide references for implementing China′s strategy of priority development of health.

Official websites of the State Council and the National Health Commission were searched for the related documents during 1986–2025. The policy transfer theory, policy instrument theory, and literature review were employed to construct a policy analysis framework, which encompassed five first-level dimensions and 11 second-level dimensions. Content analysis was conducted in NVivo15 to code the policies for priority development of education, and a comparative study was carried out for selected outcome indicators to evaluate policy implementation effectiveness.

A total of 34 policies related to the priority development of education were included, which were issued between 1986 and 2025, with an average intensity score of 3.9. Policies were issued by the State Council (27 documents) or jointed by multiple departments such as the Ministry of Education (7 documents). The priority development of education was mainly reflected in resource investment and governance systems (accounting for 70.23% combined). China′s education expenditure remained at 4% or above of GDP since 2012, and student-teacher ratios (16.06:1 in 2024) were at an upper-middle level globally. Additionally, general public budget expenditure on education (reaching RMB 4 207.6 billion in 2024) and teacher compensation (ranking 5th in average annual growth rate among 19 industries from 2012 to 2024) ranked at upper-middle levels among various public service sectors in China. Although China′s average life expectancy surpassed that of upper-middle-income countries (reaching 79.25 years in 2025), its health expenditure and growth lagged behind the global average and other domestic public service sectors.

The notable outcomes in education demonstrate its priority development and leading position compared with the health sector. The health sector can learn from experience of education development by optimizing policy arrangements in resource allocation, organizational systems, and tilt in public policy to promote the priority development of health.

To understand the competitive risks of survival outcomes among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Zhejiang province, thereby providing evidence-based reference for formulating management and intervention programs for this population.

Incidence cases of COPD from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2023 were collected from the COPD Surveillance Database of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and death data from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2024 were collected from the Death Surveillance Database. Death outcomes were matched for COPD patients. With death from respiratory diseases as the target event and malignant tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, heart disease, and other diseases as competing events, sex- and age-specific competing risk analyses were performed based on the time and underlying cause of death.

Among the 824 536 new COPD cases in Zhejiang province from 2014 to 2023, death outcome was observed in 211 586 cases. The 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year mortality probabilities were 0.089, 0.258, and 0.425, respectively. Respiratory diseases remained the primary risk of death (10-year cumulative risk: 0.150), followed by malignant tumors (10-year cumulative risk: 0.115, with lung cancer at 0.063 and other malignant tumors at 0.052). Cerebrovascular diseases had the lowest risk of death (10-year cumulative risk: 0.051). Stratified analysis showed that for male COPD patients, the malignant tumors had the highest cumulative risk within 3 years (3-year cumulative risk: 0.063), and respiratory diseases became the factor with the highest cumulative risk after 3 years (10-year cumulative risk: 0.162). For female patients, respiratory diseases consistently posed the highest cumulative risk (10-year cumulative risk: 0.120). For patients aged < 65 years, the risk of malignant tumors was the highest (10-year cumulative risk: 0.050); for those aged ≥65 years, the risk of respiratory diseases was the highest (10-year cumulative risk: 0.206). Other factors demonstrated similar risks, which were much lower than that of respiratory diseases.

COPD patients face complex mortality patterns, and their competitive risks show significant age and sex differences. This highlights the importance of developing personalized and multidisciplinary integrated intervention strategies for different patient subgroups to effectively improve the prognosis of COPD patients.

To analyze healthcare accessibility and patient-load pressure of fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai and optimize the spatial layout.

Data on the daily maximum number of patient visits were collected from medical institutions operating fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai. Thiessen polygon and buffer zone analysis methods were adopted to assess supply–demand ratios and healthcare accessibility of fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai.

In 2024, patient visits to fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai exhibited a seasonal pattern with higher volumes during winter and spring and lower volumes in summer and autumn. The 349 fever clinics (sentinel clinics) presented a spatial distribution pattern of being dense in the urban area and sparse in the suburban area. Seven townships experienced extreme pressure, and Xinchang town in Pudong new area had the lowest supply-demand ratio (< 1:100 000), with no suitable locations available nearby for building new fever clinics. Fourteen peripheral townships exhibited moderate pressure (supply-demand ratio < 1:10 000) and possessed suitable conditions for new fever clinics (sentinel clinics).

The overall spatial distribution of fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in Shanghai is generally appropriate and adequately serves the needs of patients with fever. Nevertheless, an imbalanced distribution between urban and suburban areas remains, alongside the co-occurrence of resource strain and idleness. Measures such as redirecting patients to underutilized nearby fever clinics (sentinel clinics), establishing new fever clinics (sentinel clinics) in townships where conditions permit, adding more consultation rooms in areas where new construction is not feasible can alleviate the patient visit pressure for individuals with fever.

To strengthen the biosafety management of pathogen microbiology laboratories, understand the current management status of biosafety laboratories in various institutions, analyze existing issues, and explore solutions.

Using the registration system, we obtained the registration data of pathogen microbiology laboratories in Hangzhou as of the end of May 2023. From June to September 2023, we randomly selected 221 entities responsible for establishing pathogen microbiology laboratories in Hangzhou and their 636 successfully registered subordinate laboratories. On-site evaluation of pathogen microbiology laboratories in Hangzhou was conducted in accordance with the Specification for the Evaluation of Biosafety Laboratory Management and the on-site evaluation results regarding laboratory infection risks were analyzed.

The overall compliance rate with biosafety requirements among the inspected institutions in Hangzhou was 95.22%. There were differences in overall compliance rate among various types of institutions (χ² = 431.816, P < 0.001). The laboratories from different institutions showed differences in compliance rates (P < 0.05) in organizational management, laboratory facilities/equipment, personnel management, management of strains/samples, management of laboratory waste, housekeeping management, and fire safety management. No difference was observed in the compliance rates for routine management evaluation indicators (P > 0.05).

The laboratories in medical institutions of the county level and above and independent testing institutions in Hangzhou demonstrate good biosafety management status, whereas the management status of laboratories in private medical institutions, biotechnology enterprises, and township health centers needs improvement.

To analyze the age-period-cohort characteristics of hepatitis E incidence in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020, thereby providing support for the formulation of prevention and control measures.

Data on the incidence of hepatitis E among individuals aged 15 and above in the Yangtze River Delta region, covering four provinces/municipality from 2005 to 2020, were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze the trend of hepatitis E incidence. The Bayesian age-period-cohort effect model was employed to analyze the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect of hepatitis E incidence.

From 2005 to 2020, a total of 112 348 cases of hepatitis E aged 15 and above were reported in the Yangtze River Delta region, with an average age-standardized incidence rate of 3.393 cases per 100 000 individuals. The Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the age-standardized incidence rate of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020 initially rose (from 2005 to 2011, with an average annual percent change of 6.419%, P < 0.05) and then declined with fluctuations. The incidence trends in Anhui province, Jiangsu province, and Zhejiang province were consistent with the overall trend, while that in Shanghai remained steady with fluctuations. Bayesian age-period-cohort model analysis showed that in terms of age effect, the hepatitis E incidence rates in different provinces/municipality of the Yangtze River Delta region exhibited a consistent upward trend among people aged 15–74 years. With the increase in age after 70–74 years old, the incidence rate continued to rise in Anhui province and Shanghai, decreased in Jiangsu province, and remained steady in Zhejiang province. The trend of disease risk from 2005 to 2011 was consistent in Jiangsu province (rising from 0.74 to 1.21), Zhejiang province (rising from 0.84 to 1.07), and Anhui province (rising from 0.61 to 1.44), all showing an upward trend, while from 2011 to 2020, the trend declined, dropping to 0.79, 0.83, and 0.69, respectively. In Shanghai, the RR values from 2005 to 2013, 2014 to 2017, and 2018 to 2020 showed a decline (from 1.22 to 0.76), an increase (rising to 1.32), and then a decline again (down to 0.89). In terms of cohort effect, the overall risk of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region showed an increasing trend in the birth cohorts from 1918 to 1960 (overall RR value rising from 0.35 to 1.66). After 1960, Jiangsu province experienced the most significant decrease (RR value dropped from 1.51 to 0.17).

The hepatitis E incidence shows different trends among different provinces/municipality in the Yangtze River Delta region, generally exhibiting a fluctuating trend. Nevertheless, it remains necessary to strengthen health education and monitoring efforts for the elderly population aged 70–74 and above.

To understand the diphtheria antibody levels in the healthy population in Karamay city, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among healthy individuals who had lived for more than 6 months in four districts of Karamay city by the convenience sampling method. Venous blood was collected, and the diphtheria immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody level in the serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was conducted by rank sum test and χ² test.

A total of 3 508 participants were included in the study. The median concentration, positive rate, and protection rate of diphtheria IgG antibodies were 0.13 IU/mL, 99.97% and 58.07%, respectively. Differences in gender, district, age interval, and history of diphtheria vaccination caused differences in median concentration of diphtheria IgG antibodies (H values were 149.55, 21.29, 1 199.38, and 1 105.23, respectively, all P < 0.01) and protection rates (χ² values were 113.19, 19.15, 1 002.40, and 967.08, respectively, all P < 0.01). Among the 2 155 children and adolescents who had received ≥ 4 doses of a vaccine containing diphtheria components, the median concentrations of diphtheria IgG antibodies were 0.28, 0.17, 0.24, 0.18, and 0.21 IU/mL for those with vaccination durations of 6–23 months, 2–4 years, 5–7 years, 8–10 years, and 11–16 years respectively (H = 96.68, P < 0.01), and the antibody protection rates were 91.76%, 67.77%, 79.84%, 72.73%, and 77.68% respectively (χ² = 67.50, P < 0.01).

The overall diphtheria antibody level is high in the healthy population of Karamay city, and the level in the age group of < 18 years old is much higher than that in the age group of ≥ 18 years old. The implementation of the national immunization program for children of the appropriate age has a significant effect of preventing diphtheria in children. In the future, booster immunization with diphtheria-containing vaccines for adults should be considered.

To investigate the cognition and participation status of medical staff in medical alliance construction and explore the influencing factors of their participation, thus providing evidence for further promoting the construction of medical alliances.

From June to September 2024, a total of 400 medical staff members with working experience of no less than 5 years were recruited from a large grade A tertiary hospital in Fujian province by the convenience sampling method. An online questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze their cognition and participation in medical alliance construction. A multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the influencing factors of medical staff′s participation in medical alliance construction.

Among the finally included 381 medical staff members, 353 (92.65%) believed that the hospital′s medical alliance construction in recent years had achieved remarkable results; 361 (94.75%) held that it was necessary to dispatch management cadres to medical alliance institutions; 357 (93.70%) considered it necessary to assign technical and academic directors to medical alliance institutions; 306 (80.31%) reported that heavy clinical workload left them with little spare energy to carry out medical alliance-related work; 254 (66.67%) regarded the non-interconnection of information systems as the primary difficulty in two-way referral; and only 180 (47.24%) had participated in medical alliance construction. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that medical staff with intermediate and above professional titles, those working in departments that regularly carried out medical alliance work, and those in departments with established expert workstations had a higher participation level in medical alliance construction.

Medical staff have a high recognition degree of medical alliance construction, while their overall participation remains to be improved. Professional title of intermediate level or above, regular development of medical alliance work in departments, and the establishment of expert workstations are key factors facilitating medical staff′s participation. Heavy routine workload, insufficient information system support, and imperfect system construction are the main obstacles restricting their participation in medical alliance construction.

This study synthesizes field-based practices in public health emergency response during the 2025 summer flooding in Beijing, identifies prevailing gaps in current operations, and proposes targeted recommendations to inform and strengthen flood-related health emergency governance systems in megacities.

Using retrospective analysis and focus group methods, the study summarizes the organization, implementation, material support, technical measures, and management mechanisms of Beijing′s 2025 summer flood disaster health and epidemic prevention work.

Through high-level overall planning, inter-departmental collaboration, targeted policy formulation, grassroots implementation and public engagement, Beijing has steadily advanced post-disaster health and epidemic prevention work in an orderly manner and realized the objective of "preventing major epidemics in the aftermath of disasters". Nevertheless, several challenges remain: imperfect cross-departmental coordination mechanisms, emergency plans lacking sufficient pertinence and operability, inadequate grassroots capacity and supporting resources for epidemic prevention, imprecise health education delivery, as well as disjointed efforts between health supervision and technical epidemic prevention work.

Beijing′s overall response to the summer flood epidemic emergency was timely, with relatively systematic measures and strong execution. In the future, efforts should be made to further improve cross-departmental coordination mechanisms, refine plans and standardized procedures, strengthen grassroots epidemic prevention teams and funding assurance, enhance the accuracy of health education, clarify the boundaries between supervision and law enforcement and technical epidemic prevention responsibilities, and continuously improve the emergency management capabilities of epidemic prevention in capital city flood disasters.

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and causative agents of a gastroenteritis outbreak at a team-building facility, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control measures.

A field epidemiological investigation was conducted regarding a gastroenteritis outbreak that occurred on April 26, 2025, at a team-building facility in Ningbo city. Medical records were reviewed, and on-site interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted to establish a case definition. According to this definition, cases were identified, and data were collected to describe the epidemiological distribution characteristics of the cases. A case-control study was performed through propensity score matching (PSM) to match 69 cases with 69 controls at a ratio of 1 : 1, and potential causative factors were analyzed. Anal swab samples from cases and restaurant staff, food samples retained for testing, and environmental samples from the kitchen were collected for fluorescence quantitative PCR and bacteria isolation. Whole genome sequencing was performed for the isolates to trace the sources.

A total of 525 individuals were involved in the investigation. Seventy cases (including probable and confirmed cases) were identified, with an attack rate of 13.3%. The primary clinical symptoms were diarrhea (100.0%, 70/70) and abdominal pain (65.7%, 46/70), while vomiting was rare (4.3%, 3/70). The epidemic curve showed a point source exposure pattern, with a median incubation period of 14 h (range of 2–26 h). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that beer duck (OR = 3.028, 95%CI: 1.331–6.887), stir-fried vegetables (OR = 3.184, 95%CI: 1.461–6.936), and scrambled eggs with tomatoes (OR = 4.160, 95%CI: 1.715–10.089) increased the risk of disease. Laboratory tests found that among the 10 diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) nucleic acid-positive case samples, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) accounted for 80.0% (8/10), 10.0% (1/10), and 10.0% (1/10), respectively. EPEC nucleic acid was detected in multiple food and environmental samples such as stir-fried vegetables and stir-fried pork. The EPEC strains from the two cases were highly homologous (0 allele difference).

This is an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by polytype DEC (mainly EPEC) contaminating various dishes in the lunch of a team-building facility.

To evaluate the effectiveness, antibody persistence, and safety of Japanese encephalitis (JE) attenuated live vaccines and inactivated (Vero cell) vaccines currently used in China's national immunization program following primary immunization, thus providing evidence for optimizing JE vaccination strategies in China.

We systematically searched CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the safety and effectiveness of JE vaccines that were published from January 1, 2000 to February 28, 2025. RevMan 5.3 and R 4.4.1 were used for single-arm proportion meta-analyses.

A total of 20 eligible articles (9 in Chinese, 11 in English) were included, comprising 27 vaccine cohorts with 5 445 participants. Meta-analysis results showed that the pooled seroconversion rate (SCR) 28–30 days after primary immunization was 91.12% (95%CI: 84.75%–94.99%). The pooled antibody persistence rate 1 year after primary immunization was 86.32% (95%CI: 62.75%–95.94%). The pooled incidence of total adverse events (AEs) was 24.10% (95%CI: 14.59%–37.11%), and the pooled incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) was 0.19% (95%CI: 0.00%–0.91%). Subgroup analyses revealed differences in SCR across different geographical regions and age groups (all P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found in SCR, antibody persistence rate, total incidence of AEs, or incidence of SAEs between different vaccine types (all P > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were observed across regions or age groups for antibody persistence rate, total incidence of AEs, or incidence of SAEs (all P > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis using the study removal method showed that the meta-analysis results remained stable after excluding smaller studies.

The JE vaccines currently used in China demonstrate great immunogenicity, sustained immune protection, and acceptable safety after primary immunization. It is recommended that regional and population differences be considered in immunization strategy planning, and immunization protection and post-vaccination monitoring be strengthened for key populations such as children.

To explore the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), thus providing a theoretical basis for identifying the potential clinical value of ED in CHD risk prediction.

The English-language cohort studies on the association between ED and CHD published worldwide were systematically retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase, supplemented by reference tracing, with the time interval from database inception to September 11, 2025. A meta-analysis of the included studies was performed in Stata 18.0.

Finally, 7 cohort studies involving 14 397 participants with 1 395 incident cases of CHD were included. Meta-analysis showed that individuals with ED had a CHD risk 1.41 fold (RR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.28–1.56) of that among those without ED. Subgroup analyses revealed that ED was associated with an increased risk of CHD across subgroups stratified by age (≤70 years vs. >70 years), follow-up duration (≤5 years vs. >5 years), and ED diagnostic criteria (5-item International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF-5] vs. self-reported ED), with all P-values < 0.05. Sensitivity analyses and tests for publication bias indicated no significant publication bias among the included studies, and the overall results were robust and stable.

ED may be associated with an elevated risk of CHD.

To explore the epidemiological associations, potential mechanisms, and intervention strategies between four age-related eye diseases—cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR)—and cognitive impairment in the elderly, thus providing scientific evidence for interdisciplinary comprehensive management.

Relevant articles published from January 1, 2010 to November 2025 were systematically retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, and 44 eligible research articles were included for analysis.

Patients with cataract had a 78% increased risk of all-cause dementia, which decreased by 36.8% after surgery (with a 60.1% reduction in Alzheimer′s disease risk). Patients with glaucoma had a 57%–89% increased risk of dementia, significantly associated with Alzheimer′s disease (+39% risk) and vascular dementia (+66% risk). The prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with advanced AMD was 30%–40% higher than that in the general elderly population, and individuals with cognitive impairment had a 42% increased risk of progressing to advanced AMD within 5 years. Cognitive impairment in DR patients was dose-dependent. Regarding interventions, cataract surgery effectively reduced dementia risk, and nutritional regulation, lifestyle optimization, and multidisciplinary collaboration delayed disease progression. Community rehabilitation activities achieved an 82% functional maintenance rate, and county-level medical consortium management reduced severe visual impairment from DR by 40%.

Aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment have close bidirectional associations. Eye diseases are risk factors for cognitive decline and reflect central neurodegeneration. Early screening, multidisciplinary collaboration, and comprehensive management are crucial for improving physical and mental health outcomes.