To analyze the epidemiological investigation scenario patterns of respiratory infectious disease outbreaks and design intelligent data collection strategies for different epidemiological investigation data collection objectives.

We systematically reviewed and sorted the occurrence scenarios of typical respiratory infectious disease outbreaks in China. Using literature research, focus group interviews, and expert consultations, we summarized the structural and characteristic patterns of epidemiological investigation scenarios for respiratory infectious diseases. Combined with currently used intelligent data collection technologies and tools, we designed intelligent data collection strategies for epidemiological investigations of respiratory infectious disease outbreaks, established intelligent data collection modules for epidemiological investigations, and analyzed and organized the specific collection content and modes of each module.

Epidemiological investigation scenario patterns of respiratory infectious disease outbreaks include case-based epidemiological investigations and epidemiological investigations of affected sites. Intelligent collection strategies were determined based on the data collection objectives of the epidemiological investigations, including detailed and precise case-based epidemiological investigation data collection for a small number of specific high-risk populations, simple and rapid case-based epidemiological investigation data collection for a large number of unknown risk populations, and epidemiological investigation data collection for affected sites. Seven intelligent data collection modules for epidemiological investigations were established, and a total of 1 012 epidemiological investigation collection variables were organized.

Based on the transmission scenarios of respiratory infectious disease outbreaks and the data collection objectives of epidemiological investigations under different transmission scenarios, this study proposes targeted intelligent data collection strategies for epidemiological investigations of respiratory infectious disease outbreaks, establishes intelligent collection modules, and determines the collection content and modes, laying the foundation for the design and development of intelligent epidemiological investigation systems.

To understand the job competency of community geriatric mental health service personnel in China and its influencing factors, and to provide a reference for actively addressing the mental health problems and needs of the elderly and improving the capacity of primary-level geriatric mental health services.

In November 2019, a convenience sampling method was used to recruit 5 806 managers and professionals at all levels engaged in mental health services from 818 communities sampled in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities) in China for a questionnaire survey. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to explore the latent variables of attitudes towards community geriatric mental health services, and a multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of job competency among community geriatric mental health service personnel.

The comprehensive job competency scores of the 5 793 Chinese community geriatric mental health service personnel finally included in the analysis ranged from 0 to 5, with an average score of (2.55±1.08). The LCA results showed that the latent classes of attitudes towards community geriatric mental health services were high identification and high attitude professional group (n=1 531, 26.43%) and low identification and low attitude group (n=4 262, 73.57%). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that compared with men, the average comprehensive job competency score of female community geriatric mental health service personnel increased by 0.109 points (β=0.109, t=3.35, P<0.001); compared with the 18-29 age group, the average comprehensive job competency scores of community geriatric mental health service personnel aged 30–44, 45–59, and ≥60 years decreased by 0.156 points (β= –0.156, t= –3.40, P<0.001), 0.228 points (β= –0.228, t= –4.99, P<0.001), and 0.285 points (β= –0.285, t= –4.57, P<0.001), respectively; compared with those with a high school education or below, the average comprehensive job competency scores of community geriatric mental health service personnel with college, undergraduate, and master's degrees or above increased by 0.185 points (β=0.185, t=4.33, P<0.001), 0.385 points (β=0.385, t=8.83, P<0.001), and 0.518 points (β=0.518, t=6.16, P<0.001), respectively; compared with those with no professional title, the average comprehensive job competency scores of community geriatric mental health service personnel with intermediate and senior professional titles increased by 0.148 points (β=0.148, t=3.75, P<0.001) and 0.177 points (β=0.177, t=2.97, P=0.003), respectively.

The job competency of community geriatric mental health service personnel in China is relatively low, and age, gender, education level, and professional title are the main influencing factors.

To analyze the food intake of primary and middle school students in areas implementing the Rural Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program in 2021 and its influencing factors.

Following the principle of random sampling, in 2021, in 727 national pilot counties in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) and the Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, approximately 10% of primary and middle schools were selected in urban and rural areas, respectively. From the third grade of primary school to the third grade of junior high school, one class was selected from each grade, with approximately 40 students per class, equally divided between male and female. Questionnaires were used to collect data on the frequency of food intake among primary and middle school students.

37.019% of primary and middle school students consumed meat once or more per day; 24.578% consumed one or more eggs per day; only 4.333% consumed 300 mL/d or more of milk; 30.212% consumed fruit once or more per day; 33.352% consumed three or more kinds of vegetables per day; and 10.170% consumed beans once or more per day. Geographic distribution, gender, school level, and left-behind child status were influencing factors for meat, egg, milk, fruit, vegetable, and bean intake among primary and middle school students; boarding status was an influencing factor for meat, milk, fruit, vegetable, and bean intake.

The proportion of primary and middle school students in areas implementing the Chinese Student Nutrition Improvement Program who met the recommended dietary guidelines for various food groups showed an upward trend, but insufficient intake may still exist. In the future, targeted dietary guidance and nutrition education should be carried out during the further implementation of the Student Nutrition Improvement Program to improve the effectiveness of the program and promote the healthy growth of primary and middle school students in China.

To investigate the relationship between maternal gingival bleeding during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental delay in their one-year-old children, and to provide scientific evidence for prenatal and early childhood health care.

Based on the Anhui-Wuhu Birth Cohort established by the Wuhu Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Anhui province, 528 mothers and their one-year-old children who had regular prenatal check-ups at the Wuhu Maternal and Child Health Hospital since early pregnancy (<13⁺⁶ weeks) and were followed up in December 2022 were included in this study. A self-designed questionnaire, "Maternal and Child Health Questionnaire during Pregnancy and Postpartum", was used to investigate maternal gingival bleeding symptoms during early and mid-pregnancy. The Chinese version of the "Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ-3)" was used to assess the neurodevelopment of one-year-old children. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between maternal gingival bleeding symptoms during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental delay in their one-year-old children.

A total of 442 mother-child pairs with complete data from early and mid-pregnancy were included in the final analysis, including 229 boys and 213 girls. Among the mothers, 27 (6.10%), 16 (3.62%), and 84 (19.00%) experienced oral bleeding, bleeding when biting hard objects, and bleeding when brushing teeth during early pregnancy, respectively; 45 (10.18%), 26 (5.88%), and 102 (23.08%) experienced the same during mid-pregnancy, respectively. Among the one-year-old children, 201 (45.48%), 54 (12.22%), 85 (19.23%), 79 (17.87%), 66 (14.93%), and 88 (19.91%) experienced overall neurodevelopmental delay, communication delay, gross motor delay, fine motor delay, problem-solving delay, and personal-social delay, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, including maternal age, education level, annual household income, pre-pregnancy body mass index, primiparity status at the time of prenatal follow-up, history of cesarean section, passive smoking during pregnancy, depression during pregnancy, child's sex, season of birth, mode of delivery, preterm birth, low birth weight, and feeding mode, maternal bleeding when brushing teeth during mid-pregnancy was positively associated with communication delay (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.04–4.76) and gross motor delay (OR=2.00, 95%CI: 1.13–3.54) in their one-year-old children. After stratification by sex, maternal oral bleeding in early pregnancy was positively associated with delayed gross motor skill development (OR=4.22, 95%CI: 1.07–16.63), fine motor skill development (OR=5.99, 95%CI: 1.35–26.57) in boys, and delayed problem-solving skill development (OR=3.49, 95%CI: 1.35–14.93) in girls. Maternal bleeding when biting hard objects in early pregnancy (OR=8.27, 95%CI: 1.44–47.56) and bleeding when brushing teeth (OR=3.97, 95%CI: 1.55–10.17) were both positively associated with delayed gross motor skill development in boys. Maternal bleeding when biting hard objects in mid-pregnancy was positively associated with delayed gross motor skill development (OR=4.85, 95%CI: 1.05–22.49) in boys, and maternal bleeding when brushing teeth in mid-pregnancy was positively associated with delayed gross motor skill development (OR=3.42, 95%CI: 1.41–8.27) and communication skill development (OR=2.93, 95%CI: –1.08–7.98) in boys.

Maternal gingival bleeding during pregnancy is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay in their one-year-old children and is related to gender. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the level of oral health care services for pregnant women.

To investigate the association between scoliosis and nutritional status among junior high school students in Shanghai city and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of scoliosis in children and adolescents.

From September to October 2022, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 10 710 junior high school students from 16 districts in Shanghai city for scoliosis screening, anthropometric measurements, and questionnaire surveys. A two-level ordered multi-categorical logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between scoliosis and nutritional status.

The positive rate of scoliosis screening among junior high school students in Shanghai city was 1.93%, and the positive rate of poor posture was 4.04%. The positive rate of scoliosis in girls (2.70%) was higher than that in boys (1.22%) (χ²=32.217, P<0.001). The positive rate of scoliosis increased with grade (χ²=12.689, P<0.001). The positive rate of scoliosis in students from economically better-off areas (2.27%) was higher than that in students from moderately (1.66%) and less well-off areas (1.67%) (χ²=55.092, P<0.001). Univariate analysis found that moderately and severely underweight boys (OR=2.478, 95%CI: 1.316–4.665) had a higher risk of scoliosis than students of normal weight, and the same was true for girls (OR=2.455, 95%CI: 1.302–4.630). Among boys, overweight (OR=0.526, 95%CI: 0.371–0.746) and obese (OR= 0.472, 95%CI: 0.334–0.667) students had a lower risk of scoliosis than students of normal weight. Among girls, only obese students (OR=0.572, 95%CI: 0.380–0.861) had a lower risk of scoliosis than students of normal weight. After adjusting for confounding factors such as grade, economic status of the area, maternal education level, reading and writing posture, mobile electronic device usage time, sedentary time, frequency of desk and chair adjustment, and frequency of left and right seat adjustment, the two-level ordered multi-categorical logistic regression analysis showed that moderately and severely underweight boys (OR=2.442, 95%CI: 1.282–4.651) and girls (OR=2.495, 95%CI: 1.315–4.732) still had a higher risk of scoliosis than students of normal weight. Overweight (OR=0.522, 95%CI: 0.367–0.743) and obese boys (OR=0.481, 95%CI: 0.339–0.682) had a lower risk of scoliosis than normal-weight boys, and obese girls (OR=0.544, 95%CI: 0.362–0.822) had a lower risk of scoliosis than normal-weight girls.

Junior high school students in Shanghai with low body weight have a high risk of scoliosis, while those with high body weight have a low risk of scoliosis. It is necessary to pay close attention to the risk of scoliosis in underweight students to achieve early screening, early detection, and early intervention.

To investigate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and its influencing factors among adult residents in Urumqi city, Xinjiang, and to provide a reference for the prevention and control of KOA.

From June to August 2023, an online survey was conducted via Wenjuanxing using electronic questionnaires to investigate the prevalence of KOA and its related influencing factors among 5 000 adult residents aged 18 years old from 12 communities selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling in Urumqi city.

Among the 4 638 adult residents in Urumqi city finally included in the analysis, 444 had KOA, with a prevalence rate of 9.6%. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥40 years, sleep disorders, regular lifestyle, history of knee trauma, family history of arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia were risk factors for KOA in adult residents of Urumqi city. Education level of junior high school and above and daily water intake ≥500 mL were protective factors against KOA in adult residents of Urumqi city.

The prevalence of KOA among adult residents in Urumqi city is relatively low. Age, education level, daily water intake, sleep disorders, lifestyle regularity, history of knee trauma, family history of arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia are the main influencing factors of KOA in adult residents in this area.

To observe the effects of subchronic aluminum exposure on the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase (Parkin) pathway microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), selective autophagy receptor protein 62 (P62), and cytochrome c oxidase IV (COXIV) in rat hippocampal mitochondria, and to explore the specific mechanism by which aluminum exposure affects cognitive impairment through the mitophagy PINK1/Parkin pathway LC3B/P62/COXIV pathway.

Thirty-two 6-week-old healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of SPF grade, weighing (190±20) g, were randomly divided into four groups according to their body weight: control, low-dose (10 µmol/kg), medium-dose (20 µmol/kg), and high-dose (40 µmol/kg) groups, with 8 rats in each group. The animal intoxication model was established by intraperitoneal injection of aluminum maltolate for 90 days. After the exposure, the learning and memory abilities of the rats were measured by the Morris water maze behavioral test, the expression level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cerebral cortex was measured by frozen sections, and the expression of PINK1, Parkin, LC3B, P62, and COXIV proteins in the hippocampal tissue was detected by Western blotting (WB).

On days 3, 4, and 5 of the Morris water maze place navigation test, the escape latency of rats in each group gradually increased with the increase of the exposure dose (P<0.05). On day 6, the number of times the rats in the high-dose group crossed the platform and the platform quadrant decreased compared with the control group and the low- and medium-dose groups (P<0.05). With the increase of the exposure dose in each group, the ROS level in the cerebral cortex of rats gradually increased (P<0.05), and the content of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) gradually decreased (P<0.05). The relative expression levels of PINK1, Parkin, and LC3B in the hippocampal tissue of rats in each group gradually increased with the increase of the exposure dose (P<0.05), while the relative expression levels of P62 and COXIV gradually decreased with the increase of the exposure dose (P<0.05).

Subchronic aluminum exposure can impair learning and memory function in rats, activate the PINK1/Parkin pathway LC3B/P62/COXIV pathway, and induce mitophagy.

To compare and analyze the regional differences in dietary and nutrient intake and the prevalence of chronic disease comorbidities among Chinese adults aged 65 years and over in 2015.

Data were collected from the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, with a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method across 298 monitoring sites in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China. A total of 35 873 individuals were included in the survey, with 14 214 participating in the dietary survey, categorized into seven regions of China (north China, northeast China, east China, central China, south China, southwest China, and northwest China). Dietary intake data were collected using a continuous 3-day 24-hour dietary recall combined with weighing methods. Food categories were classified according to the China Food Composition Table, and energy and nutrient intakes were calculated.

Elderly people in south China had higher daily intakes of rice and rice products (245.2 g/d), fresh vegetables (277.0 g/d), livestock and poultry meat (130.7 g/d), fish and shrimp (37.8 g/d), protein (55.0 g/d), vitamin A (262.0 μg/d), vitamin B₂ (0.7 mg/d), vitamin C (84.0 mg/d), zinc (9.5 mg/d), and selenium (37.4 mg/d). Elderly people in northwest China had higher daily intakes of wheat flour and wheat products (186.9 g/d), cooking salt (9.6 g/d), carbohydrates (248.5 g/d), vitamin B₁ (0.8 mg/d), and vitamin E (53.7 mg/d). Older adults in north China had higher daily intakes of wheat flour and wheat products (184.3 g/d), whole grains and legumes (41.6 g/d), eggs (29.4 g/d), dairy (30.5 g/d), carbohydrates (241.6 g/d), dietary fiber (10.1 g/d), vitamin B₁ (0.8 mg/d), and magnesium (254.2 mg/d). Older adults in east China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (269.3 g/d), soybeans and nuts (18.3 g/d), dairy (25.2 g/d), fish and shrimp (37.6 g/d), protein (55.7 g/d), dietary fiber (9.7 g/d), vitamin A (280.4 μg/d), vitamin B₂ (0.7 mg/d), vitamin C (82.7 mg/d), folate (166.6 μg/d), calcium (388.7 mg/d), potassium (1 449.3 mg/d), iron (18.6 mg/d), and selenium (37.3 mg/d). Older adults in northeast China had higher daily intakes of tubers (64.7 g/d), fresh fruit (62.0 g/d), and dairy (30.3 g/d). Older adults in central China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (281.7 g/d), cooking salt (9.7 g/d), cooking oil (45.2 g/d), dietary fiber (9.6 g/d), vitamin C (78.3 mg/d), sodium (5 803.6 mg/d), and iron (19.0 mg/d). Older adults in southwest China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (260.6 g/d), cooking oil (49.8 g/d), energy (1 821.5 kcal/d), fat (78.8 g/d), and zinc (9.4 mg/d). The prevalence rates of two and three chronic disease comorbidities among older adults were 24.7% and 20.6%, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed across the seven regions in the prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension combined with neck or lumbar disease, hypertension combined with stomach disease, hypertension combined with diabetes and dyslipidemia, and hypertension combined with hyperuricemia and dyslipidemia.

Regional differences exist in the intake of major foods and dietary nutrients, as well as in the prevalence of certain chronic disease comorbidities, among elderly people in the seven regions of China in 2015.

To construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for public health in hospitals, providing a basis for evaluating the implementation of public health work in hospitals.

An initial draft of the evaluation index system was formulated through a review of relevant literature and policy documents and multiple rounds of thematic discussions by the research team. A two-round Delphi expert consultation method was used to screen the evaluation indicators and construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for public health in hospitals. The analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weight of each indicator, and SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used to analyze expert engagement, authority, and the degree of consensus.

The recovery rate of the expert consultation questionnaires in both rounds was 100%. The expert authority coefficients were 0.869 and 0.902, respectively, indicating a high level of expert authority. The Kendall′s W coefficients of expert opinion coordination were 0.245 and 0.281, respectively (P < 0.05), indicating good consistency among expert opinions. The constructed comprehensive evaluation index system for public health in hospitals includes three first-level indicators, eight second-level indicators, and 25 third-level indicators. The first-level indicators are organizational resources, business processes, and disciplinary development, with weights of 0.257, 0.451, and 0.292, respectively. The weight distribution of each indicator is reasonable.

The comprehensive evaluation index system for public health in hospitals constructed in this study has good scientific validity and reliability and can provide a reference for the scientific evaluation of public health work in hospitals.

To understand and analyze the experiences and challenges of Beijing city in preventing and controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, providing references for improving the prevention and control practices and policy-making of infectious disease pandemics in megacities in the future.

From October 2023 to February 2024, 21 staff members from Beijing's health administrative departments, professional disease prevention and control institutions, medical and health institutions, professional public health institutions, and community health service centers were invited for key informant interviews. Thematic framework analysis was used to process and analyze the interview data.

Through the analysis of 21 qualitative data sets, two major themes emerged: experiences and challenges in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, covering 11 primary indicators and 39 secondary indicators. Specific aspects include the construction of a multi-level joint command and management system, improvement of the top-level design for public health emergencies, optimization of the medical and health service system, clarification of the four-party responsibility mechanism for infectious disease prevention and control, creation of a "specialist-led, specialist-community integrated" model, and improvement of the information transmission and communication mechanism. However, there were also challenges, such as the need to strengthen the connection between policy and system changes, the relatively lagging development of informatization, and deficiencies in epidemiological investigation, tracing, and close contact management.

The epidemic prevention and control in Beijing is of great significance. Relevant institutions or departments should pay attention to the effective connection between new and old iterations of policies and systems, improve the normalized infectious disease surveillance and early warning system, strengthen the construction of epidemiological investigation teams and the mechanism for switching between normal and emergency situations, and enhance the level of informatization.

To analyze the characteristics of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in Hebei province from 2018 to 2022 and to evaluate the safety of these vaccines.

AEFI cases following HPV vaccination in Hebei province from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, were collected through the AEFI surveillance module of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the characteristics and reported incidence of AEFI.

A total of 128 HPV vaccine AEFI cases were reported in Hebei province from 2018 to 2022, with an average annual reported incidence of 3.03/100 000 doses. The reported incidences of AEFI for the bivalent, quadrivalent, and 9-valent HPV vaccines (HPV2, HPV4, and HPV9, respectively) were 2.39/100 000 doses, 3.61/100 000 doses, and 3.38/100 000 doses, respectively. The AEFI reporting rate for HPV2 was lower than that for HPV4 (χ²=3.931, P<0.05). The reported incidences of general vaccine reactions for HPV2, HPV4, and HPV9 were 2.22/100 000 doses, 2.63/100 000 doses, and 2.74/100 000 doses, respectively. The reported incidences of local redness and swelling and fever were both higher than that of local induration (χ²=12.500, 5.918, both P<0.05). The reported incidences of rare reactions were 0.11/100 000 doses, 0.60/100 000 doses, and 0.55/100 000 doses for HPV2, HPV4, and HPV9, respectively. The incidence of vaccine reactions for both HPV4 and HPV9 were higher than that for HPV2 (χ²=5.763, 4.705, both P<0.05). All AEFI cases related to HPV vaccines recovered or improved, with a good overall outcome.

The reported incidences of AEFI for HPV vaccines in Hebei province were within acceptable limits, indicating good overall safety.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2012 to 2023 and provide scientific evidence for developing JE prevention and control strategies.

JE incidence data from 2012 to 2023 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were collected through the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software.

A total of 168 JE cases were reported in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2012 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.030/100 000. Seven deaths occurred, resulting in a case fatality rate of 4.17%. The incidence rate decreased from 0.153/100 000 (71 cases) in 2012 to 0.006/100 000 (3 cases) in 2023. Among the cases, 107 were male (average annual incidence rate 0.036/100 000) and 61 were female (average annual incidence rate 0.022/100 000). JE cases exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern, mainly concentrated between June and July each year, accounting for 77.38% of the total cases. Cases were sporadic and mainly distributed in Hechi city (37 cases, 22.02%), Yulin city (31 cases, 18.45%), Guigang city (22 cases, 13.10%), Baise city (20 cases, 11.90%), Laibin city (11 cases, 6.55%), and Hezhou city (11 cases, 6.55%), accounting for 78.57% of the total cases. The majority of cases (164, 97.62%) were among individuals aged 0–14 years. The primary occupations of the cases were students (80 cases, 47.62%), scattered children (71 cases, 42.26%), and children in nurseries (14 cases, 8.33%). Among the cases, 44 (26.19%) had a history of JE vaccination, while 124 (73.81%) had no vaccination history or unknown vaccination status.

Both the incidence and case fatality rates of JE in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are relatively low, indicating effective control of the disease. Children aged 0–14 years are the key target population for prevention and control. Continued efforts should be made to promote JE vaccination and strengthen health education among key populations in key areas.

To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in Liaoning province and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of related diseases.

Epidemiological analysis was conducted on foodborne disease surveillance data from 2014 to 2023 in Liaoning province. Spatial autocorrelation and spatiotemporal analyses were used to explore the temporal and spatial clustering of cases.

From 2014 to 2023, a total of 208 455 cases of foodborne diseases were reported in Liaoning province, with an incidence rate of 48.94/100 000 population and a hospitalization rate of 9.58%. Foodborne diseases were most prevalent from June to September. Dalian city and Shenyang city reported the highest number of cases, with 39 073 and 33 720 cases, respectively. The male-to-female ratio of reported cases was approximately 1 : 1.05. The 25–44 age group had the highest number of reported cases (65 679 cases, accounting for 31.51%), while the 0-year age group had the highest incidence rate (164.12/100 000 population). Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the global Moran′s I index of foodborne diseases in Liaoning province was 0.163 6, indicating significant regional aggregation. Spatiotemporal scanning with a monthly cycle identified four clusters centered in Dandong city, Dalian city, Shenyang city, and Fuxin city, respectively.

Foodborne diseases in Liaoning province are prevalent in summer, and cases are mainly concentrated in coastal areas and areas with high population density, exhibiting significant spatiotemporal clustering. Targeted health education and strengthened supervision are recommended to reduce the number of cases in key areas and during key months.

To investigate the incidence and trends of early syphilis in Shandong province and provide references for syphilis prevention and control.

Data for this study were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends in incidence rates, and age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to analyze the effects of age, period, and birth cohort.

From 2006 to 2020, the incidence of early syphilis in Shandong province initially increased and then decreased. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) for primary and secondary syphilis was 6.02% and 6.25%, respectively. The proportion of cases in the 0–19 and ≥60 age groups has been increasing. Age-period-cohort analysis showed that the 20–24 age group had the highest incidence of early syphilis, with incidence rates of 10.47/100 000 and 16.67/100 000 for primary and secondary syphilis, respectively. The risk of disease first increased and then decreased over time. With the progression of birth cohorts, the risk of disease continued to increase, peaking in 2006–2010, with relative risks (RR) of 6.38 and 8.58 for primary and secondary syphilis, respectively.

The incidence of early syphilis in Shandong province showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The 20–24 age group had the highest risk of disease, and the proportion of cases in the 0–19 and ≥60 age groups has been increasing.

To understand the changing trends in the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the main risk factors for death in major countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a reference for formulating COPD prevention and control strategies for these countries.

Data on age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rate, and the attributable fraction of COPD death risk factors from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database for 13 major BRI participating countries: China, Egypt, Pakistan, Russia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Turkey, Iran, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to describe the trends in ASIR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rate in each country. Butterfly charts were used to compare the attributable fractions of COPD death risk factors by sex in 2021.

From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR of COPD generally showed an upward trend in Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, and Vietnam, increasing from 129.68/100 000, 199.53/100 000, 114.36/100 000, 155.06/100 000, and 159.48/100 000 in 1990 to 177.45/100 000, 225.79/100 000, 152.05/100 000, 176.01/100 000, and 179.64/100 000 in 2021, respectively. The corresponding EAPCs (95%CI) were 0.92% (0.90–0.95), 0.38% (0.34–0.42), 0.96% (0.94–0.98), 0.36% (0.33–0.38), and 0.28% (0.24–0.33). The ASIR of COPD generally showed a downward trend in China, Pakistan, Russia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and India, decreasing from 271.22/100 000, 243.66/100 000, 162.10/100 000, 191.76/100 000, 260.88/100 000, 241.21/100 000, 164.34/100 000, and 275.49/100 000 in 1990 to 215.62/100 000, 231.91/100 000, 144.19/100 000, 165.78/100 000, 238.94/100 000, 234.81/100 000, 125.47/100 000, and 262.45/100 000 in 2021, respectively. The corresponding EAPCs (95%CI) were –0.84% (–0.88– –0.81), –0.18% (–0.22– –0.14), –0.53% (–0.59– –0.46), –0.14% (–0.16– –0.12), –0.29% (–0.35– –0.23), –0.91% (–0.94– –0.88), –0.67% (–0.74– –0.59), and –0.18% (–0.19– –0.17). From 1990 to 2021, the ASMR of COPD generally showed a downward trend in China, Egypt, Pakistan, Russia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, and Vietnam, decreasing from 231.78/100 000, 48.30/100 000, 83.97/100 000, 29.81/100 000, 46.58/100 000, 101.94/100 000, 135.53/100 000, 55.13/100 000, 57.54/100 000, 21.01/100 000, 53.00/100 000, and 54.29/100 000 in 1990 to 73.23/100 000, 25.87/100 000, 73.80/100 000, 13.04/100 000, 32.81/100 000, 59.65/100 000, 104.53/100 000, 19.80/100 000, 40.77/100 000, 17.44/100 000, 49.53/100 000, and 43.96/100 000 in 2021, respectively. The corresponding EAPCs (95%CI) were –4.25% (–4.48– –4.02), –0.32% (–0.44– –0.19), –0.66% (–0.92– –0.40), –3.23% (–3.60– –2.86), –1.11% (–1.22– –1.00), –1.97% (–2.33– –1.61), –4.05% (–4.36– –3.75), –0.92% (–1.01– –0.84), –0.72% (–1.11– –0.33), –2.12% (–2.32– –1.92), –0.19% (–0.31– –0.06), and –0.66% (–0.76– –0.55). From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized DALY rate of COPD generally showed a downward trend in all 13 major BRI participating countries. Attributable death risk factor analysis for COPD deaths showed significant sex differences in the proportions of deaths attributed to ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks, with males generally having higher proportions than females.

From 1990 to 2021, the burden of COPD generally showed a downward trend in the 13 major BRI participating countries, with significant differences among countries. The proportions of COPD deaths attributed to ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks were higher in males than in females.

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different influenza vaccination rates among the elderly population aged 65 years and above in Qingdao city.

A Markov model was constructed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different influenza vaccination rates for influenza prevention. The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of Qingdao city in 2021 was used as the willingness-to-pay threshold for one quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The target population was the elderly aged 65 years and above in Qingdao city. The model time horizon was one year. Three influenza vaccination rates were set at 20%, 40%, and 75%, respectively. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of different parameters on the results.

Compared with no influenza vaccination, a 20% vaccination rate could reduce the number of influenza infections by 11 942 cases, reduce the total cost by 847 831.97 CNY, and increase the total QALYs by 6 964.09; a 40% vaccination rate could reduce the number of influenza infections by 23 884 cases, reduce the total cost by 1 695 663.95 CNY, and increase the total QALYs by 13 928.19; and a 75% vaccination rate could reduce the number of influenza infections by 44 782 cases, reduce the total cost by 3 179 369.90 CNY, and increase the total QALYs by 26 115.36. Univariate sensitivity analysis showed that the top four parameters affecting the results were the influenza rate in the unvaccinated population, the influenza rate in the vaccinated population, the cost of inpatient treatment, and the cost of outpatient treatment, respectively. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that all three vaccination rates had more than a 90% advantage compared with no vaccination.

Compared with no influenza vaccination, increasing the influenza vaccination rate among the elderly population aged 65 years and above in Qingdao city has a high cost-effectiveness advantage.

To establish and optimize a simple and efficient norovirus concentration and detection technique for seawater samples from shellfish farming areas to address global food safety hazards and meet the needs of precise infectious disease prevention and control.

Using murine norovirus as the experimental subject, a nano-alumina ceramic filter-based enrichment technique was combined with a novel azido bromide propidium (PMAxx) nucleic acid dye and real-time quantitative PCR (PMAxx-qPCR) to detect viable viruses. Viruses were first enriched using a filter membrane, initially concentrated with Tralk eluent, and then further concentrated using PEG precipitation. The detection efficacy of this method was evaluated and compared with traditional cell culture techniques.

With a 5 000-fold concentration, the recovery rate of this enrichment method reached 3.24%. Optimal detection of viable norovirus was achieved with a PMAxx dye concentration of 50 μmol, followed by 15 minutes of incubation in the dark, 10 minutes of light exposure, and then real-time quantitative PCR amplification.

The norovirus concentration and detection method established and optimized in this study significantly improved the recovery rate and detection accuracy of norovirus, which is of great significance for improving food safety testing and infectious disease prevention and control.