To fill the research gap，a HVRP for hazardous materials transportation was proposed in this study，aiming at optimizing the three objectives as total risk，total cost and total carbon emissions. Firstly，in the model construction stage，the measurement methods of total cost and total risk were improved，including establishing a loading-dependent risk quantification method for explosion scenarios，and designing a specific soft time window for penalty cost calculation，which could preferentially reduce the waiting time of vehicles with large loads at customers. Then，to better solve the above model，the NSGA-II was improved in two aspects. A hybrid crossover method with new crossover operators was designed to improve the global search efficiency，and a two-stage variable neighborhood search (VNS) algorithm was adopted to improve the local search ability. Finally，a numerical example was given to verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. The results indicate that，compared with the original NSGA-II，the convergence curve of the improved algorithm decreases faster，and the average values of the three optimization objectives of total cost，total risk and total carbon emissions are further reduced by 3.36%，12.16% and 6.96% respectively. In a fleet with limited number of vehicles，the carrier can have different degrees of influence on each target by choosing different vehicle types.

To investigate the safety and stability of a proposed substation site in Pingdingshan city，Henan province，and avoid potential risks to the substation caused by the subsidence or tilting of the coal mine goaf，PS-InSAR was utilized to study 45 scenes Sentinel-1A data in Pingdingshan City from 2015 to 2022. A comprehensive analysis of the temporal deformation patterns of nine representative positions of the proposed site was performed. An evaluation mechanism for the safety and stability of the surface site of the coal mine goaf was established based on InSAR monitoring，and the evaluation of the site's safety and stability was completed. The research results demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy PS point selection method based on fuzzy sets theory can overcome the disadvantages of low PS point density，effectively increase the available data for analysis，and enhance the accuracy of monitoring results. After correcting the time series deformation of the representative points in the proposed area based on the reference point，it is found that the overall deformation of the proposed site is small and gradually showing a stable trend，with the maximum settlement of 13.05 mm，the maximum settlement velocity of 5.73 mm/a，and the maximum inclination of 0.070 mm/m. The analysis based on the safety and stability evaluation mechanism reveals that the surface displacement of the coal mine goaf is in a stable state，the substation foundation is in a safe state，and the surface settlement has little influence on the proposed substation. Based on the analysis of three evaluation indicators，the safety and stability level of the ground site on the coal mine goaf is classified as high，and it is feasible to build a substation.

In order to prevent the leakage failure of submarine pipelines，a FDHHFLTS-BN risk analysis method based on FDHHFLTS and BN was proposed to study the probability and key factors of the leakage failure of submarine pipelines. BN was transformed from the fault tree model，and then experts evaluated the probability of basic events according to FDHHFLTS. The best-worst method (BWM) was used to determine the weights of experts，and SAM was used to aggregate the opinions of experts. Finally，based on the constructed Bayesian network model，the probability of accident occurrence was obtained through forward reasoning. Also，the posterior probability was obtained through backward reasoning，and sensitivity was analyzed. Applying the method for the example analysis，the results show that the probability value of the leakage accident of the analyzed submarine pipeline is P=6.20×10^-3. Through sensitivity analysis，construction defect of weld-seam，construction defect of material，and fishing gear interaction can be identified as the key factors for the accident.

In order to study the evolution characteristics of adsorption of C₂H₄by residual coal in closed area of coal mine goaf，taking non-cohesive coal in Lingxin Coal Mine of Ningxia as the research object，the adsorption of C₂H₄ by coal was tested by volumetric method. The effects of temperature，pressure and particle size on the adsorption capacity，adsorption rate and adsorption thermodynamics were analyzed. The results show that when the temperature is 30-60 ℃，the pressure is 0.15-0.45 MPa and the particle size is 20-120 mesh，the adsorption capacity of C₂H₄ increases with the decrease of temperature，the increase of pressure and the decrease of particle size. The adsorption process changes from fast to slow with time，then tends to equilibrium，and the adsorption rate rapidly tends to 0. When the temperature and particle size are constant，the adsorption rate increases with the increase of equilibrium pressure. When the temperature and pressure are constant，the adsorption rate increases with the decrease of particle size. At the same adsorption capacity，the smaller the particle size is，the lower the equilibrium adsorption heat is. The equivalent adsorption heat of C₂H₄ adsorbed by coal samples with different particle sizes is 0.69-40.23 kJ/mol，which belongs to physical adsorption. The pressure correction coefficient is introduced to fit，and the pressure and particle size are proportional to the reduction of adsorption free energy when the temperature is constant. Under the condition of constant particle size，the temperature is inversely proportional to the decrease of adsorption free energy. The adsorption entropy of C₂H₄ for coal samples with different particle sizes is negative，and the adsorption entropy increases with the increase of adsorption capacity and the decrease of temperature. Under the same adsorption capacity，the larger the particle size，the greater the adsorption entropy.

In order to help fire investigators determine the location of the fire origin，improve the chain of evidence in accident investigations and identify the cause of the fire quickly and accurately，the researches on fire origin determination based on fire traces were reviewed in present paper. First，fire traces were classified，including burn marks，smoke marks，collapse marks and electrical wiring marks，with emphasis on soot deposition traces. Then，multiple fire origin determination methods at home and abroad were reviewed and classified into three categories: determining the fire origin directly using experience，determining the fire origin using numerical reconstruction techniques，and determining the fire origin using machine learning algorithms. The advantages and limitations of each method were analyzed respectively. Finally，the future research tendency of fire origin determination technology was prospected. The results show that numerical simulation of soot deposition traces combined with machine learning for fire origin determination has a good perspective for application.

In order to better develop and sustainably utilize saferesources (which is newly created composite word that means the resources on safety & security in this paper)，the disciplinary theory and its embryonic form of saferesourcesology (which is newly created composite word that means the science of resources of safety & security in this paper) were investigated，based on the new prospect that safety & security was a type of extremely popular and important resource. The whole study stood at the height of the science of science and viewed from the perspective of interdisciplinary science，and adopted the research methods of survey research，innovative thinking，theoretical analysis，logical induction and prediction method. Then，the definition and connotation of saferesources and saferesourcesology，the nature and classification of saferesources，the research objects and contents of saferesourcesology，the basic principles and research methods of saferesourcesology，the research directions and prospects of saferesourcesology，etc，were systematically investigated. The results show that saferesources have both the main characteristics of safety & security and resources. The characteristics of saferesources can be divided into two categories: social characteristics and their own characteristics. Eight aspects of main research contents of saferesourcesology are given from different perspectives and levels. Ten basic principles of saferesourcesology are condensed from the fundamental level of the discipline. Typical research methods of saferesourcesology are summarized based on the interdisciplinary nature. The above research results have formed the core foundational theory and disciplinary framework of saferesourcesology，which has references and guides for the follow-up research of the specific contents of saferesourcesology and the acceleration of the formation of an independent new discipline of saferesourcesology.

In order to judge the stability of the surrounding rock in a tunnel under the blasting vibration and damage，the mechanics model was established according to the instability characteristics of the layered surrounding rock. Considering the blasting damage and vibration effect，the total potential energy equation and catastrophe instability criterion were established，and the stability evolution law of tunnel under blasting was analyzed. Taking Yaojia tunnel in Hunan of Shanghai-Kunming high-speed railway as an engineering background，the stability of the layered surrounding rock in the tunnel was analyzed. The results show that the necessary and sufficient condition for the catastrophe instability of layered surrounding rock in the tunnel satisfies the bifurcation equation，that is，when the mutation eigenvalue Δ≤0，the system may suffer catastrophe instability. The cumulative effect of blasting results in the continuous reduction of surrounding rock stiffness，and the increase of blasting charge aggravates the blasting vibration effect，both of which increase instability probability for stratified surrounding rock. The actual instability evaluation results are consistent with the construction site situation and monitoring results，which verifies the effectiveness of the instability criterion.

In order to optimize the anti-explosion design of an underground unventilated kitchen，the finite element model of a house with an underground unventilated kitchen was established in FLACS software. Based on this model，the effect of gas cloud size，ignition position，shape of obstacle，position，and size of obstacle on gas explosion pressure was investigated. The extent of explosion damage to the unventilated kitchen structure was obtained according to simulation results. The results show that when the gas cloud size increases in the unventilated kitchen，the explosion damage to the building is more severe. The maximum pressure peak values are 41.9，19.5，and 3.25 kPa when ignition is in the kitchen，ventilation shaft，and living room. When an obstacle exists，a greater amount of pressure is generated. The peak pressure is much higher when the obstacle cross-section shape is square than when it is circular and rectangular. The closer the obstacle is to the ignition position，the more intense the pressure peak. With the increase in the obstacle section size，the peak pressure increases continuously. The greatest rise in peak pressure is near the elevator. Shock waves from gas explosions in unventilated kitchens have a greater impact on the floor space than in traditional kitchens.

In order to explore the spontaneous combustion mechanism of high-voltage power cables under the effect of core heating when it was overloaded or short circuited，heating rods was used to simulate the internal heat source for experimental research. The influence of the power of the internal heat source and the cross-sectional area of the inner core of the cable on the key parameters of the spontaneous combustion characteristics，such as cable temperature rise and ignition time，were analyzed. It was found the whole process of cable from heating to ignition to combustion can be divided into four stages: initial heating，pyrolysis gas escaping，ignition，combustion and extinguishment. The results show that the dripping of insulating layer melt leads to the change of flame shape. The heating rate of the surface temperature of each structural layer of the cable increases with the increase of internal heat source power and the decrease of the distance to the surface of the internal heat source. The increase in the power weakens the influence of the cross-sectional area of the inner core of the cable on the heating rate of each layer. The ignition time of the cable is linearly decreasing with the power of the internal heat source.

In order to explore the appropriate research object of safety science from a perspective of practice，based on the methods of logical analysis and deductive reasoning，six criteria were constructed to evaluate the research object of the discipline. And on the basis of analysing the presuppositions，advantages and disadvantages of 11 main views，it was argued that accident is the appropriate research object of safety science from the perspective of practice. The results show that the research object in practice should have the characteristics of uniqueness，clarity，generalization，comprehensiveness，maturity and deducibility. The main views can not meet these characteristics of the research object that should be met in practice. The proposal of a clear definition of accident solves the demand for the concept of general safety. The essential problem of safety science is accident prevention.