To establish an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of the genotoxic impurities (S)-5-chloro-N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) thiophene-2-amide and 4-(3-oxy-4-morpholine) nitrobenzene in rivaroxaban. The factors affecting impurities separation and the response of mass spectrometry were systematically investigated.

A ZORBAX SB-C₁₈ column(150 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) was used with 10 mmol·L^-1 ammonium formate solution-methanol as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1. And MRM detection by electrospray positive ionization was used.

(S)-5-chloro-N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) thiophene-2-amide and 4-(3-oxy-4-morpholine) nitrobenzene had good linear relationships in the range of 0.008-3.4 ng·mL^-1 and 0.2-3.4 ng·mL^-1, respectively. The average recoveries(n=9) were 97.9% and 98.9%, RSD were 0.94% and 0.68% respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.008 ng·mL^-1 and 0.2 ng·mL^-1 respectively. The results of genotoxic impurity residue determination in 15 batches of rivaroxaban samples were far below the limit value.

The method is sensitive and specific, and can effectively detect trace genotoxic impurities in rivaroxaban.

To establish an immunochromatographic method suitable for the rapid detection of residues of triazine herbicide prometryn in Chinese medicine, based on self-made prometryn antigen and monoclonal antibody.

An antibody conjugate amount of 7 μg and dilution configuration of 0.1 mol·L^-1 PBS with 1% OVA, 0.1% Tween-80 were determined, and dry test strips with a T-line scribing concentration of 0.05 mg·mL^-1 and a C-line scribing concentration of 0.5 mg·mL^-1 were used. The suitable method was selected to improve the sensitivity of colloidal gold immunochromatography test strip, reduce the matrix effect of traditional Chinese medicine in different parts, and detect a large number of traditional Chinese medicine.

The detection sensitivity of the test strip could reach 1 ng·mL^-1, and the detection limit of the actual sample could reach 0.1 mg·kg^-1. The established method was suitable for the detection of prometryn residues in 40 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials such as Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Taraxaci Herba, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma andLonicerae Japonicae Flos.

This method has the advantages of rapid and accurately detection, simple pretreatment, simple operation and strong generalization, and can be used as an effective method for rapid screening of prometryn residues in the field, so as to ensure the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. At the same time, this study has a certain reference significance for the development of rapid detection of agricultural residues in many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine.

To develop the first batch of traditional Chinese medicine chemical reference substance 2-acetate regaloside A used in standard of Baihe (Juandan) Peifang Keli.

The structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Purity analysis, determination of related substance and investigation of other physical and chemical parameters were carried out by using analytical different techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, coulometry and ignition residue method. On the above basis, the mass balance was used for value determination, and the ¹H quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method was applied for further verification.

The structure of the traditional Chinese medicine chemical reference substance was determined as 2-acetate regaloside A, and it was identified as a new compound by SciFinder search. The calibration value by mass balance method was 99.31%, and result of ¹H quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method was 100.06% (n=3, RSD=0.47%).

The accurate development and calibration of the first batch of 2-acetate regaloside A fully ensures the implementation of the standard for Baihe (Juandan) Peifang Keli.

To investigate the accumulation pattern of metabolites in Glycyrrhiza uralensis by qualitative and quantitative analyses of metabolic constituents in Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, and to search for its differential metabolites.

The separation was performed on an Agilent SB-C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase B. The gradient elution was carried out at a flow rate of 0.35 mL·min^-1, and the column temperature was 40 ℃ with an injection volume of 4 μL. The mass spectrometry was performed with positive and negative ions scanning in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The mass spectrometry was performed in multi-response monitoring mode with positive and negative ion scanning. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolites in Glycyrrhiza uralensis were carried out on the basis of the self-constructed secondary mass spectrometry database, and the multivariate statistical analyses of the metabolites of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation were combined with principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and cluster heat map analyses.

(1) A total of 1 038 metabolites were detected from the samples of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, among which 201 differential metabolites existed between annual and biennial Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 125 up-regulated and 76 down-regulated; 223 differential metabolites existed between biennial and three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 64 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated; 185 differential metabolites existed between annual and three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 59 up-regulated and 126 down-regulated. Four metabolites specific to annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis, six to biennial and one to three-year old were found. (2) K-mean cluster analysis was performed on the differential metabolites, and the differential metabolites were classified according to the different accumulation trends, and it was found that most of the metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, lignans, and coumarins peaked in biennial Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and most of the metabolites such as alkaloids, amino acids and their derivatives peaked in annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and a part of the flavonoids, phenolic acids and other metabolites reached peaks in three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, suggesting that the metabolism of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the body reached the peaks. peak value, suggesting that there was a certain pattern of metabolite content changes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. (3) 160 differential metabolites annotated in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) datebase and flavonoids, amino acids and their derivatives, and organic acids were the differential metabolites that accounted for a relatively large number of them. A total of 79 differential metabolic pathways were enriched among different comparison groups, among which 6 differential metabolic pathways were highly significantly enriched (P<0.01) and 23 significantly enriched (P<0.05), and the distributions of compounds involved in the above pathways were basically the same as before enrichment in comparison of different cultivation year.

The present study elucidate the differences between the metabolic components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, and further analyse the metabolic pathways that might cause the differences through the differential metabolites, which can provide a certain reference basis for the determination of the harvesting year of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and the study of the quality formation mechanism.

To identify the structures of the related substances in penciclovir cream by two-dimensional liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-Q TOF/MS) technique.

The first-dimension separation of the related substances in penciclovir cream and its stressed samples according to ICH were carried out on an ODS (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with gradient elution by 0.15% formic acid 10 mmol·L^-1 ammonium formate buffer solution and acetonitrile as mobile phases, and each related substance was enriched separately. The second-dimension gradient elution was performed on a Phenomenex Luna SCX (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with 0.1% formic acid 20 mmol·L^-1 ammonium formate buffer solution and acetonitrile as mobile phases for each of the related substances to achieve good separation with the matrix of penciclovir cream. The accurate mass and elemental composition of the parent ions and their product ions of the related substances were determined by positive electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry, and the structures of all the related substances were elucidated.

Under the established 2D-LC-Q TOF/MS analytical conditions, penciclovir and its related substances were adequately separated, and 21 major related substances were detected and identified in the penciclovir cream and its stressed samples. According to their chromatographic retention behavior, spectral characteristics, mass spectrometry characteristics and their differences from other known related substances of nucleoside drugs and combing with synthesis and formulation process route, their structures can be identified all of which were identified for the first time.

The results can provide reference for the quality control of penciclovir cream.

To establish an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the abundance data of dexamethasone-related metabolic enzymes and transporters in the placenta of Chinese pregnant women.

A Shim-pack GISS-HP C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) chromatographic column was used, and the mobile phases were consisted of 0.2% formic acid-water (phase A) and 0.2% formic acid-acetonitrile (phase B) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL·min^-1. The post-column phase C consisted of 0.5% ethylene glycol-acetonitrile was added at a flow rate of 0.1 mL·min^-1, and the ESI source positive ion MRM mode was used for quantitative analysis. The established method was investigated methodologically and the expression levels of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1(11β-HSD1), 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2(11β-HSD2), cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein protein (P-gp) were quantitatively analyzed in the placenta of Chinese pregnant women in the third trimester.

The established LC-MS/MS method had a linear range of 0.1-100 nmol·L^-1(r >0.999). The precision and accuracy results met the requirements of the biological sample analysis method verification in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (RSD≤15%), and the stability results showed that the samples were stability. The protein abundance of 11β-HSD2, 11β-HSD1, CYP3A4 and P-gp were (84.46±59.97) pmol·g^-1, (11.44±3.73) pmol·g^-1, (8.83±2.78) pmol·g^-1 and (7.94±4.10) pmol·g^-1, respectively. Besides, the results of the study also showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of related metabolic enzymes and transporters in different parts of the placenta. However, there was a significant difference in the abundance of P-gp in the placenta between Chinese people (7.94±4.10) pmol·g^-1 and white people (4.41±2.46) pmol·g^-1.

The LC-MS/MS method established in this study has high accuracy and sensitivity and is suitable for detecting the abundance values of dexamethasone-related metabolic enzymes and transporters in human placenta.

To predict potential quality markers(Q-Marker) of Taxus media Rehd. based on fingerprint and network pharmacology methods, and establish an evaluation method of Taxus media Rehd. based on Q-Marker, as so to provide basis for the establishment of quality standard and quality evaluation system of Taxus media Rehd..

Waters SymmmetryShield^TM RP18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) chromatographic column was used for separation, and the wavelength was 254 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile -0.01% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The injection volume was 10 μL. The fingerprints of 24 batches of Taxus media Rehd. with 8 kinds of cultivation years were established and the common peaks were identified. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was used for classification, orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to screen out the main marker components that cause differences between different years. Combined with network pharmacology, the core targets and key pathways were constructed a “component-target-pathway” network map through corresponding databases. Q-Markers were further verified and quality of Taxus media Rehd. comprehensively evaluated by HCA and PCA.

A total of 25 common peaks were obtained in the HPLC fingerprint of Taxus media Rehd., 18 compounds were identified, and their similarities were all above 0.900, including taxanes, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and phenols. The results of HCA showed that there were some differences among samples with different cultivation years. Eleven different markers were screened by OPLS-DA, and they were paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ (10-DAB), baccatin Ⅲ, cephalomannine, deacetyltaxol (10-DAT), ferulic acid, kaempferide, rutin, amentoflavone-4’, 4", 7-trimethyl ether, skyrin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Based on the difference markers, network pharmacology was applied to analyze them from the perspective of effectiveness. Paclitaxel, 10-DAB, bakatine Ⅲ, cephalomannine and 10-DAT were preliminstly predicted as Q-Markers of Taxus media Rehd.. They could regulate cancer pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and other signaling pathways by PIK3R1, AKT1, EGFR, HRAS and MAPK1 targets, and play the role of reducing swelling and menstruation diuresis clearing. The results of HCA verified the rationality of Q-Marker, and the comprehensive evaluation results of PCA showed that sample which was cultivated for ten years and harvested in spring bore the best quality.

Paclitaxel, 10-DAB, bakatine Ⅲ, cephalomannine and 10-DAT are selected as Q-Markers based on fingerprint and network pharmacological methods. The quality of Taxus media Rehd. in different cultivation years is sorted comprehensively by combining with chemical recognition pattern method. The 10-year-old sample harvested in spring gets the highest score and the quality is good. The study provides new method for establishing of quality standard and the quality evaluation of Taxus media Rehd..

To analyze the chemical constituents of Quyusanjie capsules by LC/MS, and establish a method for the determination of active ingredients in Quyusanjie capsules.

Using UPLC-Q TOF MS/MS technology, the Hypersil Gold C₁₈ column(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile(A) and 0.1% formic acid in water(B) with gradient elution, at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1, the the column temperature was 40.0 ℃, and the mass spectrometry data was collected by negative ions mode scanning. Through database matching, elemental composition and fragment structure analysis, the main chemical substances in Quyusanjie capsules were identified. HPLC was used to qualitatively analyze the chemical components of Quyusanjie capsules. The Ultimate^® AQ-C₁₈ column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile(A) -0.1% phosphoric acid(B) with gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was 25 ℃, and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. The content of naringin, neohesperidin, notoginsenoside R₁, ginsenoside Rg₁, and ginsenoside Rb₁ in 11 different batches of Quyusanjie capsules were determined using external standard method. QAMS method was established using ginsenoside Rg₁ as the internal reference.

Twenty-nine compounds were identified from Quyusanjie capsule. The contents of naringin, neohesperidin, notoginsenoside R₁, ginsenoside Rg₁ and ginsenoside Rb₁ measured by external standard method were 0.484-1.097 mg·g^-1, 0.341-0.618 mg·g^-1, 1.685-2.399 mg·g^-1, 5.748-8.386 mg·g^-1, 3.868-5.898 mg·g ^-1, respectively. Measured with the QAMS method, the contents of naringin, neohesperidin, notoginsenoside R₁ and ginsenoside Rb₁ were 0.516-1.153 mg·g^-1, 0.372-0.667 mg·g^-1, 1.794-2.580 mg·g^-1, 4.373-6.690 mg·g^-1, respectively. The relative error between the calculated values of the QAMS method and the measured value of the external standard method was less than 8.9%.

UPLC-Q TOF MS/MS method can quickly identify the chemical components of Quyusanjie capsules. The established external standard method is stable and reliable, and can be used for the quality control of Quyusanjie capsules. The method of QAMS has good feasibility and is suitable for the determination of the daily production of Quyusanjie capsules.

To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin, two activity-related hydroxy statin metabolites and three toxicity-related statin lactones in human plasma, and its application to the study of pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and the analysis of concentrations in patients.

After acidification, plasma samples were treated by protein precipitation. The LC separation was performed on a Zorbarx SB-C₁₈(50 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) column. Methanol-acetonitrile (1∶1) water-methanol-acetonitrile (9∶0.5∶0.5) containing 0.05% formic acid were used as the mobile phases for gradient elution, and the flow rate was 0.35 mL·min^-1. The electric spray ionization source, positive ion mode and multi-reaction monitoring scanning were adopted for MS detection. The m/z of each targeted analyte was 559.3→440.2 for atorvastatin, 575.1→440.3 for 2-hydroxy atorvastatin acid (2-HAT) and 4-hydroxy atorvastatin acid (4-HAT), 540.9→448.2 for atorvastatin lactone (ATL), 557.2→448.2 for 2-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone (2-HATL) and 4-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone (4-HATL), and 422.2→290.0 for the internal standard of pitavastatin. After a full method validation, the developed LC-MS/MS method was used to determine the plasma samples of healthy subjects and patients after taking atorvastatin calcium tablets, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of atorvastatin and five metabolites were analyzed.

The calibration curves of atorvastatin and its metabolites presented a good linear relationship in the range of 0.1-25 nmol·L^-1. The RSD of intra-and inter-day precision and the RE of accuracy were all less than 15%, and the stability was well tolerated under different conditions. In healthy subjects after oral administration of 20 mg atorvastatin calcium tablets, the respective mean values of C_max for atorvastatin, 2-HAT, 4-HAT, ATL, 2-HATL and 4-HATL were 11.48, 4.71, 0.28, 1.71, 2.52 and 2.31 nmol·L^-1, AUC_0-∞ were 87.31, 58.79, 8.60, 28.75, 45.76, 31.49 nmol·h·L^-1, t_1/2 were 7.96, 7.93, 19.58, 8.76, 8.98 and 21.37 h. After 12 h of administration, the average blood concentrations of atorvastatin, 2-HAT, 4-HAT, ATL, 2-HATL and 4-HATL in the patient were (4.16±1.31) nmol·L^-1, (2.65±1.33) nmol·L^-1, (1.15±1.16) nmol·L^-1, (2.96±1.83) nmol·L^-1, (4.27±2.00) nmol·L^-1 and (3.70±1.74) nmol·L^-1.

The method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of atorvastatin and five metabolites in human plasma established in this study is accurate, rapid, sensitive and stable, and can be used for clinical pharmacokinetics research and plasma drug concentration monitoring. The clinical studies revealed that toxicity related lactone metabolites have a high level of exposure in humans, which requires attention to the possible risk of side effects.