To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) for simultaneous determination of 7 flavanoids (5-hydroxy-6，7，3’，4’-tetramethoxyflavone，apigenin，hispidulin，kaempferol，jaceosidin，eupatilin and casticin) in Artemisiae Argyi Folium.

The HPLC system consisted of the Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈ column (150 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm) column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.2% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1，a detection wavelength of 350 nm，and a column temperature of 30 ℃. Eupatilin was selected as the internal reference substance，the relative correction factors between eupatilin and the other 6 flavanoids were established，and the contents of these 7 constituents in samples were calculated to realize QAMS. At the same time，compared with the external standard method to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the QAMS method.

Within a certain linear range，the relative correction factors between eupatilin and 5-hydroxy-6，7，3’，4’-tetramethoxyflavone，apigenin，hispidulin，kaempferol，jaceosidin as well as casticin were 0.958，1.387，1.000，0.950，0.957 and 1.297，respectively (RSDs of RCFs were less than 2.0%). The contents of 5-hydroxy-6，7，3’，4’-tetramethoxyflavone，apigenin，hispidulin，kaempferol，jaceosidin，eupatilin，casticin in 20 batches of Artemisiae Argyi Folium were 0.031 4-0.623 5 mg·g^-1，0.000 9-0.092 6 mg·g^-1，0.020 6-0.170 7 mg·g^-1，0.011 0-0.184 7 mg·g^-1，0.011 7-0.864 0 mg·g^-1，0.253 2-2.555 0 mg·g^-1 and 0.015 6-0.250 7 mg·g^-1，respectively.

Using eupatilin as the internal reference，QAMS method for 7 flavanoids is established. The method is accurate and reliable，and can be used for quality control and quantitative analysis of Artemisiae Argyi Folium.

To establish a three classification model for cultivated，semi-wild，and wild Astragali Radix characterized by flavonoids，and explore and evaluate the application of techniques of automated machine learning and data augmentation in the field of drug analysis.

Firstly，correlation analysis and principal component analysis were conducted on the flavonoid content data of Astragali Radix，and models of decision tree and logistic regression were established to analyze the importance of flavonoid components based on the models. Then，using the AutoGluon framework with 5 as num_bag_folds，2 sets of 30 models respectively through 64 batches of real data and 600 batches of virtual data generated based on real data with the TVAE table data generation algorithm for training were obtained，and these models were evaluated by accuracy.

The analysis of machine learning models，indicated that formononetin，campanulin and onospin played the important roles in the quality control of Astragali Radix，especially for the source grade control. The accuracy of model prediction showed that the models based on Neural Net and tree-model always had the best classification effect for Astragali Radix. The virtual data generated by data augmentation technique is basically consistent with the actual data in terms of the accuracy trend of the model training process.

Related techniques of machine learning have good application value in the classification of Astragali Radix characterized by flavonoids.

To establish a dual-wavelength method for the determination of amylose and amylopectin in potato starch in Tibet.

The determination wavelengths of amylopectin and amylopectin in Tibetan potato were 623 and 557 nm，respectively，and the reference wavelengths were 498 and 729 nm. The contents in 11 batches of starch samples collected were determined and analyzed.

The results showed that the mass concentration of amylose and amylopectin showed a good linear relationship (r=0.999 9，r=0.999 8) in the range of 0- 66 μg·mL^-1 and 0-90 μg·mL^-1，respectively. The average recoveries of amylose and amylopectin were 102.8% (RSD=1.8%) and 98.5% (RSD=2.2%). The precision (RSD=0.071%，RSD=0.31%)，repeatability (RSD=0.26%，RSD=2.4%) and stability (RSD=0.14%，RSD=1.4%) were all in compliance with regulations. The contents of amylose and amylopectin in Tibetan potato starch were 36.74% and 45.87%，respectively. Compared with the commercially available potato starch，the amylose content of Tibetan potato starch was significantly increased (P<0.001)，while the amylopectin content was significantly decreased (P<0.05).

The method is proved to be suitable for the quality evaluation of potato starch in Tibet. There are significant differences in the contents of amylopectin and amylopectin between potato starch in Tibet and potato starch in the market，which provides an experimental basis for the establishment of quality standards of potato starch in Tibet and the development of high-value products.

To provide reference for quality control and authenticity identification of Arnebiae Radix medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the market. By studied on the ITS2 sequences’ characters of imported Arnebiae Radix，based on DNA barcoding and PCR-RFLP technologies.

The ITS2 region was selected as the DNA barcode sequence for comparison and identification of imported Arnebiae Radix and reference medicinal materials. The ITS2 sequences of imported Arnebiae Radix from different sources with reference medicinal materials were compared based on DNA barcoding and PCR-RFLP technologies.

After the restriction endonucliase AluI enzyme digestion，the agarose-gel electrophoresis results of 39 imported Arnebiae Radix samples showed that，only DH3 had bands at around 500 bp，and none bands between 100 bp and 300 bp. And the results of other imported Arnebiae Radix samples had two or three obvious bands between 100 bp and 300 bp. The ITS2 sequences of imported Arnebiae Radix samples were compared with the reference medicinal materials，among which DH3 had the largest differences of 15 bases compared to the reference medicinal materials，the ITS2 sequence of F2 was same to the reference medicinal materials，and other imported Arnebiae Radix samples had 1-9 bases difference compared to the reference medicinal materials. The clustering results showed that the imported Arnebiae Radix sample DH3 was clearly distinguished from other imported Arnebiae Radix samples and reference medicinal materials which was in a single branch. There were 14 samples，which were clustered together with the reference medicinal materials in one branch with support rate ≥50%.

The ITS2 region is selected to compare the similarities and differences of ITS2 sequences between imported Arnebiae Radix samples and reference medicinal materials based on DNA barcode and PCR-RFLP technologies，which provids a reference for effective identification of Arnebiae Radix medicinal materials and decoction pieces，and a strong guarantee for market supervision of Arnebiae Radix medicinal materials.

To determine the color of Arnebiae Radix, and the contents of six main purple pigment components (acetylshikonin，β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin, deoxyshikonin, isobutylshikonin，β，β’-dimethylacrylalkannin and isovalerylshikonin) in Arnebiae Radix, and to study on the correlation between the color of Arnebiae Radix and the contents of six main purple pigment components.

The L，a，and b values of the sample powder were determined using a spectrophotometer to characterize the color of Arnebiae Radix. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) had developed a Lab color model，which was a digital description of human vision. A higher L value indicated greater brightness，a higher a value indicated redness and a lower a value indicates greenness，and a higher b value indicated yellowing and a lower b value indicates blueness. The contents of purple pigment components were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)，and the correlation between L，a，and b values and the contents of six main purple pigments was calculated using SPSS software.

The contents of acetylshikonin in 135 batches of samples ranged from 0.01% to 3.39%. The contents of β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin ranged from 0.00% to 1.95%. The contents of deoxyshikonin ranged from 0.00% to 0.23%. The contents of isobutylshikonin ranged from 0.01% to 1.13%. And the contents of isovalerylshikonin ranged from 0.02% to 2.88%. The contents of β，β’-dimethylacrylalkannin ranged from 0.01% to 2.17%. There was a significant negative correlation between the contents of acetylshikonin，β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin and isobutylshikonin and the L (black_white) chromaticity value of Arnebiae Radix，with a Spearman correlation coefficients between -0.138 and -0.222. The chromaticity value of a (red_green) was related to the five components other than acetylshikonin，which were β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin，deoxyshikonin，isobutylshikonin，β，β’-dimethylacrylalkannin，and isovalerylshikonin，with a spearman correlation coefficients between 0.176 and 0.355；b (blue_yellow) chromaticity value was related to the five components other than β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin，which were acetylshikonin，deoxyshikonin，and isobutylshikonin，β，β’-dimethylacrylalkannin. β，β’-dimethylacrylalkannin was positively correlated with a coefficient of 0.290，and negatively correlated with the other four components with a coefficients between -0.325 and -0.633.

It is recommended that the assay limits of Arnebiae Radix be revised to β，β’-dimethylacrylalkannin not less than 0.30% and isovalerylshikonin not less than 0.29%.

To investigate the microbial contamination in commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix decoction pieces and analyze the potential safety risks.

According to the General Principles of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (referred to as the “Chinese Pharmacopoeia”) (2020 edition <1108 Microbial Limit Examination of Chinese Herbal Medicine>)，the total aerobic microbial count (TAMC)，total combined yeasts and molds count (TYMC)，heat-resistant bacterial count，control pathogens，and bile-tolerant gram-negative bacterial count were determined. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to analyze the dominant microbial species present in representative samples and identify potential objectionable microorganisms.

There was a high level of uncertainty regarding microbial contamination in commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix，and the dominant group in different types had significant differences. The TAMC ranged from 10² to 10⁶ CFU·g^-1，while a uneven contamination of bile-tolerant gram-negative bacteria，including potentially pathogenic species such as Acinetobacter baumannii，Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae，but Salmonella was not detected in any samples. The total combined yeasts and molds count ranged from 10¹ to 10³ CFU·g^-1.

The microbial contamination in Angelicae Sinensis Radix is severe and uneven. More data is needed to improve testing methods and evaluation standards for assessing the risk of microbial contamination in Chinese herbal medicine. High-throughput sequencing can provide a more accurate assessment of microbial risks in decoction samples of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

To compare the regulatory effects of authentic and counterfeit Arnebiae Radix on intestinal flora in mice based on metagenomic sequencing.

Firstly，24 clean grade female BLAB/C mice were randomly divided into 3 groups：blank control group，A1 (Arnebia euchroma) group and A2 (Arnebiae Radix whose origins were not included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia) group. After gavage arrived at the specified time，colon contents (feces)，ileal contents (feces) and small intestinal contents (feces，except ileal parts) were extracted for intestinal flora analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR from the extracted mouse intestinal contents. The PCR products were mixed and purified. Then library was constructed and sequenced. After quality control of sequencing data and removal of chimera sequence，the final effective data was obtained. Operational taxonomic unit(OTU) clustering and species annotation were performed on the obtained valid data，and sample diversity analysis was conducted.

In this study，both A1 (Arnebia euchroma) group and A2 (Arnebiae Radix non-pharmacopoeia) group reduced the diversity of mice colon microbiota. At the phylum level，group A1 significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes in the small intestine and ileum，and groups A1 and A2 significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colon. At the genus level，group A1 significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the small intestine of mice，and group A2 significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the ileum of mice. Group A1 increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus，one of the dominant bacteria in the colon of mice，and group A2 increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides. Alistipes mainly existed in the colon，A2 group significantly reduced the relative abundance of Alistipes in the colon of mice，while Alistipes in the A1 group was cultivated.

According to the results of the regulation effect of intestinal flora，the intestinal flora regulation effect in the two experimental groups of the authentic Arnebiae Radix and its confusion products from markets are not consistent，the results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of Arnebiae Radix.

To base on the method of HPLC fingerprint，multi-component quantification and chemical pattern recognition，to evaluate the quality of leaves of Cunninghamia lanceolata from different producing areas and to provide basis for further development and utilization.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the contents of amentoflavone，bilobetin，hinokiflavone，ginkgetin，isoginkgetin and sciadopitysin in the Cunninghamia lanceolata. Fingerprints of 10 batches of Cunninghamia lanceolata from different habitats were established. Based on the common peak area of the fingerprint，the overall quality of Cunninghamia lanceolata was evaluated by principal component analysis(PCA)，orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)，statistical analysis，and pattern recognition chemometrics methods.

A total of 14 common peaks in 10 batches of leaves of Cunninghamia lanceolata，and the similarity ranged from 0.955 to 1.000 with good consistency. The mass fractions of six biflavones in the sample were 2.42-5.24 mg·g^-1，0.10-0.24 mg·g^-1，1.55-3.67 mg·g^-1，0.21-0.89 mg·g^-1，0.10-0.24 mg·g^-1 and 0.51-2.39 mg·g^-1，respectively，including amentoflavone，bilobetin，hinokiflavone，ginkgetin，isoginkgetin and sciadopitysin. According PCA，the difference in the quality of Cunninghamia lanceolata from different habitats was further evaluated. Ten batches of medicinal materials were divided into three major categories，and four main factors affecting the classification of Cunninghamia lanceolata were found. Finally，OPLS-DA screened the excellent spectral peaks 6，12，7 (7-demethylated ginkgo biloba biflavone)，13 (kumatsu biflavone)，5 (Amentotaxus argotaenia biflavone)，9 (chamaecypress biflavone) and 2，etc，seven differential markers can be used to distinguish different batches of Cunninghamia lanceolata.

The established method is simple to stable and reliable. Combined with chemical pattern recognition，it can be used for the quality evaluation of Cunninghamia lanceolata.