Full
Outline
To carry out long-term monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants in municipal wastewater in Shijiazhuang, to reveal the succession patterns of major epidemic variants and their correlation with population monitoring data, so as to provide scientific basis for the construction of modern infectious disease surveillance and early warning system with multiple trends and high sensitivity.
From January 2023 to June 2025 (a period spanning 30 months), monthly wastewater samples were collected from the Qiaodong Wastewater Treatment Plant in Shijiazhuang. Viral particles were enriched using membrane filtration method, followed by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids detection through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was employed to conduct viral whole-genome sequencing and identify major variant lineages. The results were then compared with local population infection surveillance data from the same period for correlation analysis.
RT-qPCR detection results showed that all wastewater samples were positive, and the major prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants successively evolved of BA.5, XBB, JN.1, XDV lineage, which was basically consistent with the evolution trend of clinical monitoring data. Spearman correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between wastewater samples and clinical infection samples for each variant’s monthly proportions (BA.5 lineage: ρ=1.000, P<0.001; XBB lineage: ρ=0.905, P<0.001; JN.1 lineage: ρ=0.817, P<0.001; XDV lineage: ρ=0.676, P<0.01). Kendall correlation analysis further confirmed a significant relationship between the variant composition in wastewater and clinical infection samples (τ=0.652, P<0.001).
The monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants in urban wastewater in Shijiazhuang can reflect the dynamic evolution of variants in the community population in real time, and can be used as an important information source for the future infectious disease surveillance and early warning system.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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