Full
Outline
To analyze trends in energy and macronutrient intake among adults aged 35 years and older in Guizhou Province from 1991 to 2023, and examine their associations with demographic characteristics such as gender, urban/rural residence, and age groups, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating targeted nutrition improvement measures.
This study utilized cross-sectional data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) spanning 1991—2023, focusing on adult residents aged 35 years and older in Guizhou Province. Dietary data were collected using a three-day 24-hour recall method combined with household weighing techniques. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. To control for changes in age-sex structure over time, data were weighted using direct standardization (with the 2023 age-sex distribution as the standard population). Macronutrient energy contributions were adjusted using the energy residual method. Linear regression models analyzed long-term trends in major food groups and macronutrient energy contribution ratios, estimating annual change values (β) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Interaction terms were introduced to test for trend differences across urban/rural areas, gender, and age groups. The models were adjusted for education level, smoking history, and drinking history.
A total of 8 596 adult residents aged 35 years and older in Guizhou Province were surveyed. Between 1991 and 2023, residents’ intake of vegetable oils and animal-based foods increased, while intake of animal fats and cereals/tubers decreased (P<0.001). The carbohydrate energy contribution decreased from 66.3% to 43.7% (β=-0.644, 95% CI: -0.681～-0.608), while the energy contribution from fats increased from 22.8% to 46.6% (β=0.669, 95% CI: 0.630～0.707). The energy contribution from proteins remained relatively stable (β=-0.024, 95% CI: -0.032～-0.017). Interaction analysis revealed that the rate of increase in fat energy contribution was significantly faster among rural residents than among urban residents (β=0.613, 95% CI: 0.545-0.682). Additionally, rural residents exhibited faster growth in plant oil and animal-based food intake, along with a more pronounced decline in cereal and tuber consumption (all P<0.001). Compared with adults aged 60 years and older, the 35-44 and 45-59 age cohorts exhibited more pronounced trends of increasing fat intake and decreasing carbohydrate intake (P<0.01).
From 1991 to 2023, the dietary patterns of adults aged 35 and older in Guizhou Province underwent a rapid shift from a traditional high-carbohydrate model to a high-fat model, with the fat energy contribution ratio far exceeding the upper limit recommended by dietary guidelines. The pace of this transformation exhibited significant population heterogeneity, with rural residents and middle-aged and young adults experiencing more rapid changes. This suggests that future nutrition intervention measures require greater targeting.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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