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Outline
This study aims to investigate the association between blood glucose control level and the risk of developing gallstone disease (GSD).
Longitudinal cohort data from the UK Biobank (UKB) through 2023 and cohort data from individuals who underwent health examinations at a hospital in Kaizhou District, Chongqing, between 2013 and 2017 were used. Cox proportional hazards models were applied separately in the two cohorts to investigate the associations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), and the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) with the risk of incident GSD, and the results from the two cohorts were pooled using meta-analysis. In addition, trajectory analysis was conducted in the Kaizhou hospital cohort to examine the associations of FBG, GHb, and HGI trajectories with the risk of incident GSD.
Meta-analysis integrating data from the UK Biobank and the Kaizhou cohort showed that each 1-unit increase in FBG was associated with an HR of 1.061 (95% CI: 1.054-1.068) for GSD, and each 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in FBG was associated with an HR of 1.076 (95% CI: 1.067-1.085). Compared to individuals with FBG <6.10 mmol/L, those with FBG between 6.10-<7.0 mmol/L (pooled HR=1.151, 95% CI: 1.095-1.210) and those with FBG ≥7.0 mmol/L (pooled HR=1.398,95% CI: 1.336-1.463) had increased GSD risk. Similarly, compared to individuals with GHb <5.7%, those with GHb between 5.7%-<6.5% (pooled HR=1.044, 95% CI: 1.013-1.076) and those with GHb ≥6.5% (pooled HR=1.187, 95% CI: 1.123-1.255)also showed elevated GSD risk. In the low-HGI group, each 1-unit increase in HGI was associated with an HR of 0.689 (95%CI: 0.570-0.834) for GSD, and each 1-SD increase was associated with an HR of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.868-0.955). In the medium-HGI group, the corresponding HRs were 0.737 (95% CI: 0.562-0.967) per 1-unit increase and 0.962 (95% CI: 0.930-0.995)per 1-SD increase. In the high-HGI group, each 1-unit increase in HGI was associated with an HR of 1.067 (95% CI: 1.006-1.131), and each 1-SD increase was associated with an HR of 1.028 (95% CI: 1.003-1.054). Trajectory analysis revealed that compared to the high-level HGI trajectory group, the low-level HGI trajectory group had a lower risk of GSD (HR=0.187, 95%CI: 0.047-0.743). However, the association between different trajectory groups of FBG and GHb and the risk of GSD did not reach a significant level.
There is a correlation between blood glucose control level and the risk of GSD. Poor blood glucose control will significantly increase the incidence probability of GSD. In future clinical practice, emphasis should be placed on the standardized management of blood glucose. Scientific regulation of blood glucose levels may provide an effective means of reducing the risk of incident GSD.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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