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To investigate the contamination levels of Legionella pneumophila (Lp) in shower water at bathing venues in Shandong Province, the influencing factors, and antibiotic resistance, providing a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies for Lp infections in the population.
Using a cluster random sampling method, 2 to 3 public bathing venues were selected annually from 16 cities in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2022 for testing Lp in shower water. The influencing factors on the detection rate of Lp were explored based on the time of water sample collection, the size of water tanks, water supply methods, and whether the tanks were disinfected. Serotyping and antibiotic resistance testing were conducted on positive samples to further analyze the characteristics of antibiotic resistance in Lp.
Among the 143 samples collected, 55 tested positives for Lp, yielding a positivity rate of 38.5%. Serological typing identified that serotype 1 (LP1) accounted for 51% of the positive Lp strains. The detection rate of Lp was influenced by various factors, including different water sample collection times (46.7% in October, 29.4% in April, χ2=4.49, P < 0.05), varying water tank storage capacities (50.8% for tanks with a capacity greater than daily water usage, 18.2%for those with a capacity less than daily usage, χ2=10.39, P < 0.01), and different sampling locations (26.5% at the water inlet of the pipeline, 44.7% at the showerhead, χ2=4.48, P < 0.05), with statistically significant differences observed within the groups. The 55 positive strains exhibited varying degrees of resistance to seven first-line treatment antibiotics, with the highest resistance rate to cefuroxime (90.9%) and the lowest to azithromycin (14.5%).
The positivity rate of Lp in shower water at bathing venues across 16 cities in Shandong Province is primarily influenced by environmental temperature and the retention of shower water in the water supply system. The Lp strains in the environment show significant resistance to antibiotics such as cefuroxime, rifampicin, and sulbactam. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of shower water, pay attention to changes in bacterial resistance, ensure the safety of shower water in public places, and protect the health of the population.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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