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The exact causal association between dietary intake and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is unclear, and this study used two-sample, two-way Mendelian randomization (MR) to conduct causal association analyses between them.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with dietaryintake were extracted from the pooled data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as instrumental variables (IV). Causal associations between dietary intake and ADHD were analyzed using the TwoSampleMR package in R software. The main methods used included inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR Egger and weighted median tests. Cochran’Q, MR-Egger, and the "leave-one-out" method were used for heterogeneity test, pleiotropy test, and sensitivity analysis, respectively.
The IVW results showed that avocado (OR=0.309, 95% CI: 0.132-0.719), celery (OR=0.503, 95%CI: 0.380-0.905), mutton/lamb (OR=0.349, 95% CI: 0.170-0.715), shellfish (OR=0.083, 95% CI: 0.011-0.638), grapefruit (OR=0.175, 95% CI: 0.043-0.711) and oily fish (OR=0.687, 95% CI: 0.492-0.960) were negatively associated with the development of ADHD, and naan bread (OR=4.109, 95% CI: 1.079-15.648), average weekly intake of spirits (OR=3.320, 95% CI: 1.419-7.767), intake of artificial sweetener added to cereal (OR=5.064, 95% CI: 1.507-17.017), and standard Tea (OR=1.004, 95% CI: 1.002-1.007) were positively associated with the development of ADHD.
Increased intake of avocado, celery, mutton/lamb, shellfish, grapefruit, and oily fish reduced the risk of ADHD, whereas increased intake of naan bread, average weekly spirits intake, Intake of artificial sweetener added to cereal, and standard tea raised the risk of ADHD.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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