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To investigate the mediating effect of prefrontal cortex volume in the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), providing a basis for alleviating the burden and understanding the etiology of T2DM.
Utilizing data from the UK Biobank cohort, we analyzed the relationships among four air pollutants, eight prefrontal cortex volumes, and T2DM using multiple linear regression and logistic regression models. A multiple mediation analysis was conducted to estimate the overall mediating effect of the eight prefrontal cortex volumes.
A total of 26 624 participants were included in the study, with a T2DM incidence rate of approximately 2.0%. There was an overall negative correlation between air pollutant concentrations and prefrontal cortex volume. Increased concentrations of air pollutants were associated with a higher risk of T2DM; specifically, for every 1 standard deviation increase in PM2.5 concentration, the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 1.062 (1.003-1.159). Decreased volumes of the right medial prefrontal cortex, left superior frontal gyrus, bilateral orbital frontal cortex, and right frontal pole were associated with increased T2DM risk, with OR (95%CI) values of 0.869 (0.755-0.949), 0.808(0.745-0.925), 0.897 (0.815-0.988), 0.823 (0.738-0.917), and 0.881 (0.796-0.974), respectively. The volume of the prefrontal cortex mediated the association between the four air pollutants and T2DM risk.
The study indicates that increased air pollutant concentrations elevate the risk of T2DM, and prefrontal cortex volume may serve as a significant mediating factor in the relationship between air pollution and T2DM. Reducing exposure to air pollutants and targeted interventions addressing factors affecting brain vitality, such as sleep and exercise, may effectively prevent the occurrence and progression of T2DM.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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