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To investigate the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) levels in early pregnancy and the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Following the principle of informed consent, data were collected from pregnant women who underwent prenatal care and delivery at ten hospitals and fifteen community health service centers in Kunshan,Jiangsu Province, from August 2019 to June 2021. This included demographic information, medical and family history, reproductive history, physical examinations, and laboratory test results. GDM was diagnosed based on the results of the oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analysis was employed to explore the dose-response relationship between Hb levels and the risk of GDM. Based on the RCS results, Hb levels were categorized into two groups: Hb ≤ 138.4 g/L and Hb > 138.4 g/L. Logistic regression was then used to analyze the relationship between early pregnancy Hb levels and the risk of GDM, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) to assess the strength of the association.
Totally 9 045 women with singleton pregnancy were included in this study, with an incidence of GDM of 14.72% (n=1 331). The RCS regression results indicated a linear relationship between early pregnancy Hb levels and the risk of GDM (overall trend test: P=0.013, non-linear test: P=0.396). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that women with Hb > 138.4 g/L had a higher risk of GDM compared to those with Hb ≤ 138.4 g/L, with an adjusted OR of 1.214 (95%CI: 1.021-1.445).
Elevated Hb level in early pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of GDM.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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