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To investigate the distribution characteristics of three endocrine disruptors (EDCs)—nonylphenol (NP),octyl phenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA)—in drinking water in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin and to conduct a health risk assessment.
In October 2023, water samples were collected from 32 urban and rural water plants in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin, with each plant providing one sample each of source water, treated water, and tap water, totaling 96 samples. The concentrations of EDCs were determined using solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS), and potential health risks were assessed using the risk entropy method.
All three EDCs were detected in the drinking water of the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin, with overall concentrations ranging from Not Detected (ND) to 234.00 ng/L. The detection rates for NP and OP were 100%, while BPA had a detection rate of 36.46%. Among the average values of the three EDCs, NP was found to be greater than OP, which was greater than BPA across different water sample types. Specifically, the average concentration of EDCs followed the order: source water > tap water > treated water. EDCs were commonly found in drinking water across various cities, with NP exhibiting the highest average concentration. Compared to relevant domestic and international studies, the level of EDC contamination in drinking water in this region was considered to be moderate to low. The health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic health risk values for adults and children ranged from 1.07×10-5 to 9.34×10-5, both of which were well below 1, with children’s risks being higher than those for adults.
EDC contamination is prevalent in drinking water in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin, with low concentration levels and acceptable health risk levels for the population.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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