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To explore the potential causal relationship between Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and thyroid diseases using a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.
Data were sourced from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), obtaining samples and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to SS and thyroid diseases, which included hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), Graves’ Disease (GD), and thyroid carcinoma (THCA). The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was employed as the primary analysis approach, supplemented by the weighted median method (WME) and MR-Egger regression model for MR analysis, along with sensitivity analyses to ensure the robustness of results. The Bonferroni method was used to correct for multiple testing, with a correction threshold set at P=0.008(0.05/6), considering P-values between 0.008 and 0.05 as potentially relevant.
Genetically predicted SS was found to have a positive causal relationship with the risk of hypothyroidism (IVW: OR=1.372, 95%CI: 1.124-1.674) and HT (IVW: OR=1.254, 95%CI: 1.142-1.377). SS was not associated with an increased or decreased risk of hyperthyroidism (IVW: OR=1.435,95%CI: 1.012-2.036), goiter (IVW: OR=0.933, 95%CI: 0.838-1.040), GD (MR-Egger: OR=4.094, 95%CI: 2.818-5.947), or THCA (IVW: OR=1.057, 95%CI: 0.866-1.29). Hyperthyroidism (IVW: OR=1.950, 95% CI: 0.776-1.163), hypothyroidism (IVW: OR=1.149, 95%CI: 0.93-1.42), goiter (IVW: OR=0.992, 95%CI: 0.85-1.157), HT (IVW: OR=1.532, 95%CI: 1.055-2.225), GD (IVW: OR=1.041, 95%CI: 0.728-1.488), and THCA (IVW: OR=0.987, 95%CI: 0.874-1.114) were not found to increase or decrease the risk of SS.
Genetically predicted SS is a risk factor for hypothyroidism and HT. There is no association between SS and the risk of hyperthyroidism, goiter, GD, or THCA.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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