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To determine the optimal cut-off point of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) among middle school students and to establish a precise criterion for evaluating their self-efficacy.
A convenience sampling method was conducted a total of 2 494 junior high school students from grades 7-9 in two junior high schools in Guangzhou were selected for a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics such as students’ gender, grade, and age, general self-efficacy, sleep, family functioning, and smartphone dependence. The latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify students’ self-efficacy, and the optimal cut-off point was determined based on the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve (ROC) and the Volume Under the ROC Surface (VUS).
A total of 2 494 middle school students were surveyed in this study. There were 1 285(51.52%) boys and 1 209(48.48%) girls. The self-efficacy of boys was 27(22-31) and that of girls was 24 (20-29), which is statistically significant different (Z=-7.86, P<0.01). LPA identified three categories of self-efficacy: low (862, 34.56%), medium (1 166, 46.75%), and high (466, 18.69%) self-efficacy types. The VUS method determined the optimal cut-off points for the GSES scale to be 22 and 32 points, respectively.The results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that females (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.34-1.86), mild family dysfunction (OR=2.86, 95%CI: 2.38-3.44), severe family dysfunction (OR=4.46, 95%CI: 3.51-5.68), mobile phone addiction (OR=1.58, 95%CI :1.1-1.64), and lack of regular exercise (OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.43-2.15) were positively associated with low self-efficacy, while sleeping time ≥9 hours (OR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.66-0.93) and outdoor activity time ≥1 hour (OR=0.8, 95%CI: 0.65-0.97) were negatively correlated with low self-efficacy among middle school students.
This study provides a clear and scientific assessment criterion for evaluating the self-efficacy level of middle school students through the combination of LPA and VUS methods, offering a powerful tool for more accurate assessment of middle school students’ self-efficacy.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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