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To analyze the causal association between glucosamine and the risk of fracture using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.
This study was based on the summary data of genome-wide association studies of glucosamine and fracture in the European population. First, univariate MR analysis was performed using the inverse-variance weighted method,MR-Egger regression method, weighted median method, and MR-PRESSO. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding palindromic instrumental variables, leave-one-out analysis, and reverse MR to verify the robustness of the results. Finally, multivariate MR analysis was used to evaluate the independent effect of glucosamine on fracture occurrence.
The results of the univariate inverse-variance weighted method showed that genetically predicted glucosamine was associated with a reduced risk of fracture (OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.90-0.99, P=0.015). In addition, the results obtained by the MR-Egger regression method, weighted median method, and MR-PRESSO were consistent with those of the inverse-variance weighted method. Sensitivity analysis further verified the stability of the results. In the multivariate MR analysis, after adjusting for the potential effects of chondroitin, vitamin supplements, and osteoarthritis, the results still supported a negative causal relationship between glucosamine and the risk of fracture (adjusted for chondroitin: OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.46-0.80, P=4.1×10-4; adjusted for vitamins: OR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.81-0.93, P=1.1×10-4;adjusted for osteoarthritis: OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.29-0.73, P=9.7×10-4).
Glucosamine can reduce the risk of fracture.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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