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To investigate the causal relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Mendelian randomization to provide genetic evidence supporting the risk of developing ADHD.
Based on pooled data from genome-wide association analyses, MR analysis was conducted using five methods, including the inverse variance weighting method, MR-Egger regression, and the weighted median method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the MR-Egger regression test, the MR-PRESSO test, the Cochran Q test, and the leave-one-out method. Two-sample MR analyses and validation group analyses explored the existence of a causal relationship between GDM and ADHD, while multivariate Mendelian randomization examined the direct, independent causal effect of GDM on ADHD after adjusting for factors such as obesity and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
The two-sample MR preliminary analysis (OR=1.209, 95% CI: 1.023-1.423, P=0.026) and the validation group analysis (OR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.006-1.055, P=0.015) indicated that GDM had a positive causal relationship with the risk of ADHD, suggesting that an increased risk of GDM contributing to a higher risk of ADHD. The results of MVMR analysis showed that GDM and ADHD still showed a causal relationship after controlling for Obesity and ASD (OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.008-1.054, P=0.008).
This study confirms the causal relationships between GDM, obesity, and ASD with ADHD from a genetic perspective, providing a reference for future research.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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