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To investigate the veterinary drug residue status of commercially available freshwater fish in Henan Province from 2021 to 2024 and evaluate the dietary exposure risk.
A total of 186 samples of freshwater fish were randomly collected from 2021 to 2024, and six quinolone antibiotics, two anesthetics and two sedative-hypnotics were detected according to the standard procedures in the “National Food Contamination and Hazardous Factors Risk Monitoring Operation Manual”. General descriptive analysis and χ2 tests were performed using Excel and SAS software. The probability distribution of drug exposure was calculated using Monte Carlo combined with the consumption of freshwater fish in Henan Province, and the health risk was evaluated using the hazard quotient (HQ).
A total of 152 out of 186 freshwater fish samples were detected with veterinary drug residues, with a detection rate of 81.72%; 39 samples were unqualified, with an unqualified rate of 20.96%. The veterinary drug detection rates in descending order were: enrofloxacin, eugenol > diazepam > ofloxacin, oxazepam (χ2=309.867, P < 0.001), and the unqualified rate of diazepam was the highest (χ2=61.822, P < 0.001). There were significantly statistical differences in the detection rates and unqualified rates in different years (χ2=24.962; χ2=19.731, all P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in the detection rates and unqualified rates of veterinary drugs in freshwater fish between farmers’ markets and stores (χ2=0.806, P=0.369; χ2=2.788, P=0.095). The P95 exposure amount of enrofloxacin in freshwater fish consumed by adults in Henan Province was 0.11 μg/(kg·BW), accounting for 1.77% of the ADI. The P95 exposure of eugenol was 4.02 μg/(kg·BW), accounting for 0.16% of the ADI.
Veterinary drug residues were present in freshwater fish sold in Henan Province, but the overall exposure risk was low, with all HQ less than 1.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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