To investigate the policy effects and underlying mechanisms of the Beijing Sub-Center construction on the allocation of medical resources.

Panel data from 16 districts in Beijing spanning 2005 to 2022 was analyzed. The entropy weight method was utilized to assess healthcare resource allocation, while the regression control method was applied to estimate policy effects.

The Beijing Sub-Center construction significantly enhanced hospital capacity and staffing in Tongzhou District, yielding average annual treatment effects of 732.168 additional hospital beds and 1 998.943 healthcare personnel. These impacts were statistically significant (P<0.1) across multiple years. However, the policy showed no notable effect on the number of hospital beds per 1 000 people or the total number of healthcare institutions.

The construction of the Beijing Sub-Center has effectively bolstered hospital capacity and increased healthcare personnel in Tongzhou District. Nevertheless, a gap persists between resource availability and the rising demand fueled by population growth. It is recommended to moderately expand medical service facilities, optimize the spatial distribution of resources, and enhance the efficiency and equity of healthcare resource allocation across Beijing.