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Heavy metal pollution is a major global public health issue. Long-term low-dose exposure to heavy metals can induce multisystem damage and increase the risk of chronic diseases. Conventional chelation therapy is associated with adverse effects such as organ injury; therefore, safer and more effective intervention strategies are still needed. Increasing evidence has shown that heavy metal exposure can markedly disrupt the composition and function of the gut microbiota, thereby aggravating toxic effects. Probiotics may reduce heavy metal toxicity through multiple mechanisms by influencing the metabolism of heavy metals in vivo. However, previous reviews have mainly focused on the detoxification effects of traditional probiotics, while relatively few have discussed the recent advances in next-generation probiotics (NGPs). Accordingly, this review summarizes the effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic exposure on gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolites, discusses the mechanisms by which traditional probiotics alleviate heavy metal toxicity, and further explores the potential applications of NGPs in heavy metal detoxification, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for developing probiotic-based intervention strategies against heavy metal exposure.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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