Full
Outline
To investigate the contamination status of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and total arsenic(As) in nuts and seed foods sold in Jiangxi Province, assess the dietary exposure risks to residents, and provide a scientific basis for precise regulation.
A total of 99 samples belonging to 12 categories were collected from 11 cities in Jiangxi Province in November 2024. The contents of the five elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), exposure levels were calculated using a point-estimation model, and risk assessment was performed using the single-factor pollution index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method.
The detection rates of Cr and As were both 100%, while those of Pb and Cd were 61.6% and 67.7%, respectively. Hg had the lowest detection rate of only 2.02%. Among all samples, only Cr exceeded the standard limit, with an exceedance rate of 4.0%. Pistachios showed relatively high contents of Pb and As. Sunflower seeds had the highest contents of Cr and Cd, with a Nemerow comprehensive pollution index of 4.1, indicating severe pollution. For adults with a daily intake of 5 g, the non-carcinogenic risks of all elements were controllable. However, the daily exposure dose of Pb [2.62 μg/(kg·bw·d)] significantly exceeded the benchmark dose lower confidence limit [BMDL01: 0.5-1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)] established by JECFA.
These foods are generally safe, but Cr contamination in sunflower seeds and chronic Pb exposure risk for children are major potential risks. It is recommended to implement a four-in-one precise prevention and control strategy: “high-risk category targeting, speciation analysis, source control, and consumption guidance”.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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