Vaccine-induced immune responses exhibit marked heterogeneity within populations. Traditional perspectives attribute this variation primarily to factors such as genetic background, nutritional status, environmental exposures, and immune status. However, recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota, as a critical symbiotic ecosystem in the human body, may significantly influence vaccine immunogenicity through immune regulatory mechanisms. This emerging field of research offers a novel biological perspective for understanding individual differences in vaccine efficacy. This article summarizes the evidence from reported clinical studies on the impact of the gut microbiota on vaccine immune responses. We discuss the immunological mechanisms potentially mediating the microbiota’s influence on vaccine immune responses and explore the potential applications of microbiota-targeted interventions for optimizing vaccine efficacy. Our objective is to examine the possibility of modulating the gut microbiota to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses, thereby providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for personalized vaccination and precision immunology.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |