To evaluate the nutritional value of Fengjing pigs (FJ) and their F₁ hybrid generation, FJ, Duroc (American)×Fengjing pigs (DAF), Duroc (Norwegian)×Fengjing pigs (DNF), Pietrain×Fengjing pigs (PF) and Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs (DLY) were studied. After analyzing the amino acid and fatty acid nutritional indices, their nutritional values were thoroughly evaluated using principal component analysis. The results showed that the Σ_n-3polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in FJ and its hybrid combinations than in DLY, and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) was relatively high (86.32~90.66). Containing abundant characteristic amino acids, FJ exhibited the highest intramuscular fat content (4.77%), ΣPUFA (17.05%), and healthy fatty index (1.83). Among the different hybrid combinations, DNF had the highest characteristic amino acids content whereas DAF had the lowest atherogenic index (0.54) and thrombogenic index (1.31). PF exhibited the highest EAAI (90.66), nutritional index (20.63), and biological value (87.12), despite containing the least characteristic amino acids. Valine was identified as the first limiting amino acid of all five groups of pork samples. The order of comprehensive nutritional value score was: PF>DNF>FJ>DAF>DLY. In conclusion, FJ and its hybrid combinations are high-quality ingredients for PUFA intake, containing nutritious fatty acids and proteins, whereas PF is the hybrid combination with the highest comprehensive nutritional value.

The odor of enzymatic chicken broth is volatile, leading to reduced food quality. A microencapsulation system can be employed to protect the odor. In this study, enzymatic chicken broth was used as the raw material, and three different samples were prepared by spray drying technology: unencapsulated enzymatic chicken broth powder (EB), enzymatic chicken broth microcapsule powder (BPA) with pea albumin as the wall material, and enzymatic chicken broth microcapsule powder (BPAT) with pea albumin and aciculin as a composite wall material. The physical properties and structures of the different powders were compared, and the release characteristics of key odor compounds during storage and dissolution were investigated. The results indicated that, compared to the EB sample, the particle size and moisture content of the BPA and BPAT samples increased, while solubility slightly decreased. Specifically, BPA had the largest particle size (51.58±0.08 μm), whereas BPAT displayed the highest moisture content (6.14%±0.13%) and the lowest solubility (73.33%±2.88%). During storage, significant losses of key odor compounds were observed in the EB sample. In particular, 2-n-amylfuran and 1-octene-3-ol were not detected at the start of storage. In contrast, the BPA and BPAT samples formed an odor-encapsulating microcapsule system, which effectively maintained a high retention and stable release of odor compounds. For example, the release of hexanal in the BPA sample after dissolution increased by 3.67 times, reaching 7396.94 μg/L. The BPA samples exhibited protective effects on most of the selected key odor compounds, whereas the BPAT samples demonstrated better retention of 1-octene-3-ol. Additionally, the odor released from the powder before dissolution was significantly lower than that released after dissolution, suggesting that most odor compounds were effectively confined within the powder matrix. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the microcapsule system formed by pea albumin and aciculin could reduce odor evaporation, providing a new theoretical basis for the microencapsulation of enzymatically hydrolyzed chicken powder and the protection of its characteristic odor substances.

To investigate the effects of various freezing methods on the quality of frozen prepared abalone, steamed abalone was treated using −18 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF_{−18 ℃}), −35 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF_{−35 ℃}), −80 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF_{−80 ℃}), liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF_{−80 ℃}), and immersion freezing (IF_{−30 ℃}). The freezing rates, physicochemical properties, and volatile components of abalone stored at −18 ℃ for 30 days were measured. The results showed that the times taken by abalone to pass through the maximum ice crystal zone were 81 min (RF_{−18 ℃}), 39 min (RF_{−35 ℃}), 31 min (RF_{−80 ℃}), 5 min (LNF_{−80 ℃}), and 13 min (IF_{−30 ℃}), respectively. Both LNF_{−80 ℃} and IF_{−30 ℃} groups effectively shortened the entire freezing period and were more efficient than RF in inhibiting the formation of TBARS and TVB-N. Abalone treated with LNF_{−80 °C} and IF_{−30 °C} exhibited a more compact microstructure. During frozen storage, the contents of nonanal and hexanal in abalone increased, leading to a stronger fishy odor. However, rapid freezing could delay the oxidation of lipids and proteins, thereby slowing down the deterioration of quality. Both LNF_{−80 ℃} and IF_{−30 ℃} effectively maintained the quality of abalone during the freezing process. However, from the perspective of energy consumption and equipment investment, IF_{−30 ℃} demonstrated higher cost-effectiveness. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and practical references for the selection of freezing technologies in the abalone processing and prepared dishes industries.

In this study, in order to investigate the storage stability of rapeseed oil prepared by cellulase-assisted ethanol aqueous extraction processing (C-EAEP), the experimental design of C-EAEP oil, heat-treated C-EAEP oil, traditional hot-pressed oil, and tertiary commercial oil were used as research objects. and stored under accelerated oxidative conditions for 28 d. Changes in the physicochemical indexes, vitamin E contents, fatty acid compositions, and volatile flavour compositions of the four groups of samples were measured every 7 d during the storage cycle. The results showed that the C-EAEP process significantly improved the storage stability of rapeseed oil. During the storage period, the increase in peroxide value and acid value of C-EAEP oil on day 28 was lower than that of conventional hot-pressed oil and tertiary commercial oil, and the retention of total vitamin E was higher, among which the α-V_E content of the unheat-treated C-EAEP oil maintained more than 40 mg/100 g on day 28, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the rate of oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid and linolenic acid) was lower in C-EAEP oil, and the total unsaturated fatty acid content was stable at 87.24%~88.65% after storage, which was higher than that of traditional hot-pressed oil and tertiary commercial oil. Fatty acid composition analysis showed that the content of C18:1 in C-EAEP oil changed from 28.21% to 28.47% after 28 days of storage, which was lower than that of tertiary commercial oils and traditional hot-pressed oils, whereas the content of C18:1 in heat-treated C-EAEP oil was significantly increased to 30.39%~30.86% (P<0.05) and the content of erucic acid (C22:1) was reduced, with better health attributes. Flavour analysis showed that the low temperature process inhibited the production of nitriles (2-butenenitrile) in the thioglycoside degradation products of C-EAEP oil, but the heat treatment activated the enzymatic reaction, which led to the enrichment of pyrazines (2,5-dimethylpyrazine) and furans (2-pentylfuran), with the contents of 9.23% and 5.13% in the late stage of storage, respectively, which conferred a stronger baking flavour of the oil. The oil had a stronger roasted flavour. Electronic nose analysis further showed that in the pre-storage period, the response values of heat-treated C-EAEP oil to the PA/2 and P70/2 sensors were higher than those of the other three groups of rapeseed oils, and in the late storage period the response values of heat-treated C-EAEP oil to the PA/2, P70/2 and T30/1 sensors were significantly increased to produce a richer amount of alcohols, organic amines, aromatic compounds, etc., with enhanced flavour. In conclusion, the C-EAEP process effectively preserved the natural antioxidant components of the oils and fats through low-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis to improve storage stability, and the heat treatment could enhance the organoleptic quality by regulating the formation of flavour substances on this basis. It provides an important theoretical reference for the commercial development of C-EAEP rapeseed oil, and has an important role in promoting the development of high-quality rapeseed oil and the industrial application of green oil extraction process.

This study aimed to optimize a new efficient and safe thawing method for frozen beef, and maintain its sensory and edible quality. The frozen beef was used for the test material, the traditional low-temperature thawing (4 ℃, RH 65%~73%) treatment was set as the control (CK). The treatments were the variable temperature and high humidity (2~6~2 ℃, RH 90%) combined with four different low-voltage electrostatic fields (the distances between the partition plates were 0, 25, 30, and 35 cm, respectively). The thawing effects of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low voltage electrostatic field (V-L) of the beef were investigated. The influence on the protein oxidation were analyzed on the basis of screening the appropriate treatment. The results showed that the variable temperature and high humidity combined with different low-voltage electrostatic fields had a certain thawing effect, the treatment of 2~6~2 ℃, RH 90% combined with V-L 30 was the best. Compared with CK, the thawing time was shortened by 27.30%, the juice loss rate was reduced by 25.21%, a^* value was increased by 7.75%, and the malondialdehyde content was decreased by 36.17%. It was conducive to maintain the myofibril structure, significantly slowed down the degree of the protein cross-linking degradation of the beef, the carbony content was reduced by 50%, the sulfhydryl content was increased by 38.40%, and at the same time, it inhibited the oxidative denaturation of the beef proteins, enabled it keep a relatively high denaturation temperature and denaturation enthalpy. The result provides a new idea for the optimization and upgrading of the beef thawing technology in production, and offers a scientific basis for its application and promotion.

To investigate the effect of low-temperature plasma-activated water (PAW) on the storage quality of postharvest Dendrocalamus brandisii (D. brandisii) shoots, using low-temperature plasma at 160 V and 160 Hz, preparation of PAWs (PAW₁, PAW₂, PAW₃) at 1, 2, and 3 min, the effects of PAW on the total number of colonies, enzyme activities and related physicochemical indexes of D. brandisii shoots after harvest were analyzed. The results showed that compared to the CK group (distilled water treatment), PAW could inhibit the respiratory intensity of fresh-cut D. brandisii shoots, reduce the loss of total phenols and flavonoids, delay the decline in soluble protein, soluble sugar, vitamin C content. PAW₁, PAW₂, and PAW₃-treated D. brandisii shoots at the 18th day of storage, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase decreased by 3.00, 5.25 and 3.90 U/g (P<0.05). On the 12th day of storage, peroxidase activity decreased by 5.91, 10.16 and 7.94 U/g (P<0.05). On the 30th day of storage, the cumulative synthesis of cellulose and lignin decreased by 6.66, 24.19 and 10.59 mg/g (P<0.05) and 1.27, 2.49 and 1.20 mg/g, respectively (P<0.05). This study provides some theoretical basis for the application of PAW technology in the field of preservation and processing of D. brandisii shoots.

This study aimed to investigate the major metabolites of Tolypocladium sinense fermentation broth (TSFB) and evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity, as well as its ability to alleviate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was employed for untargeted metabolomic analysis of TSFB. An antioxidant evaluation system combined with Western blotting was used to assess the antioxidant effects of TSFB and its influence on the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The results revealed that detected 2745 metabolites from TSFB, primarily composed of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The dominant bioactive constituents included sphingosine, citric acid, and phytosphingosine, which exhibited the highest relative peak areas. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that TSFB possessed strong free radical scavenging capacity. In the oxidative stress cell model, the results showed that both low and high doses of TSFB treatment significantly increased cell survival rates (P<0.001). Meanwhile, oxidative stress markers such as MDA content, LDH levels, and relative ROS levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the antioxidant capacity indicator GSH-Px levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05). Additionally, the high-dose TSFB group notably increased SOD levels (P<0.01). Both low- and high-dose TSFB treatment groups significantly upregulated the protein relative expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, and SOD1 (P<0.05), and the high-dose group further significantly increased SOD2 protein relative expression (P<0.001). This study systematically analyzed the major metabolites and bioactive components of TSFB, elucidating its antioxidant mechanisms and highlighting its potential therapeutic applications.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Osmanthus fragrans ethanol extract (OFE) in ameliorating dyslipidemia via modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and enhancement of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in hyperlipidemic mice. Methods: Hyperlipidemic mice models were established by feeding a high-fat diet for 6 weeks, they were divided into five groups: normal control, model, OFE low-dose, OFE high-dose, and simvastatin groups. After 5 weeks of oral administration, body weight, fasting blood glucose, and liver index were measured. Serum lipid and oxidative stress levels, key proteins levels in the RCT pathway were measured. Hepatic histopathological changes were observed by HE staining, and gut microbiota diversity and compositional changes in feces were analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results: OFE could reduce liver index and blood glucose levels in model mice (P<0.01); decrease serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (P<0.05 or P<0.01 or P<0.001), while elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (P<0.01); reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P<0.01) and enhance superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). Additionally, OFE ameliorated hepatic steatosis, suppressed inflammation, and mitigated cellular damage. It upregulated serum levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-Ⅰ) (P<0.001) and modulated gut microbiota diversity while reducing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio (P<0.05). Conclusion: OFE exhibited potential therapeutic effects in hyperlipidemic mice by attenuating lipid accumulation and oxidative stress levels, as well as improving dyslipidemia, which might be associated with its ability to enhance cholesterol reverse transport (RCT) and ameliorate gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic potential of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in mitigating age-related intestinal barrier dysfunction using D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Methods: Aging was induced in mice via chronic intraperitoneal administration of D-galactose (450 mg/kg body weight [BW]) for 8 weeks. Concurrently, mice were orally administered HMOs—2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)—at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW daily. After 8 weeks, the body weight changes, intestinal organ indices, oxidative stress levels, intestinal permeability, colonic morphology, and the proliferation and differentiation capabilities of stem cells in mice were measured and analyzed. Results: Following HMOs intervention, aging model mice demonstrated a pronounced recovery of intestinal health, with organ indices exhibiting a significant increase of 27.16%~33.74% (P<0.05). Serum superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly by 34.82%~99.83% (P<0.001), while malondialdehyde content decreased by 46.21%~61.79% (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Intestinal barrier integrity was reinforced, with FITC-dextran permeability decreasing by 48.45~62.84% (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Histological analyses revealed remarkable regenerative effects on colonic architecture, including significant increased in crypt number, crypt depth, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cell counts, and cell differentiation (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: HMOs intervention, particularly with 2'-FL, significantly enhanced the proliferation and differentiation capabilities of intestinal stem cells in D-galactose-induced aging mice. It improved the atrophy of colonic crypt morphology, strengthened the intestinal mucus barrier, and reduced intestinal permeability, thereby ameliorating the aging intestinal barrier.

This study investigated the therapeutic mechanism of oyster polysaccharide (OPS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A T2DM mouse model was established through high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The experimental mice were divided into six groups: normal control (NC), model control (MC), low-dose OPS (OPS-L), medium-dose OPS (OPS-M), high-dose OPS (OPS-H), and positive control (metformin, MET). Comprehensive evaluations were conducted, including blood glucose and lipid profiles, hepatic and renal histopathology, 16S rDNA-based gut microbiota analysis, and untargeted fecal metabolomics. Compared to the MC group, the OPS-L and OPS-M groups exhibited significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P<0.01, P<0.001), along with increased body weight (P<0.05). Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were reduced to varying degrees, with alleviated hepatic and renal tissue damage. Notably, the OPS-M group demonstrated the most pronounced hypoglycemic effects. OPS treatment modulated gut microbiota composition in T2DM mice, restoring α- and β-diversity indices toward NC group levels. Serum metabolomics revealed alleviated metabolic pathways involving histidine metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and ketone body synthesis/degradation. Correlation analysis identified significant associations between differential bile acid metabolites and specific bacterial taxa, particularly g_Muribaculaceae and g_Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. This study indicates OPS ameliorates T2DM in mice through mechanisms potentially linked to gut microbiota modulation, fecal metabolite regulation, and alterations in serum bile acid profiles.