Objective To develop a solid beverage with Polygonatum sibiricum-Lycium barbarum as the main raw materials. Methods Using polysaccharides as the indicator, the total polysaccharides were extracted using the ultrasonic method. The extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum was determined through single-factor and orthogonal tests. The extract was concentrated, and the extract powder was obtained using wet granulation and drying. The appearance and quality of the granules were assessed as the evaluation indicator, and the effects of different amounts of main raw materials and excipients on the granule characteristics were studied through single-factor and orthogonal tests. Excipients such as sucrose powder, DL-malic acid and β-cyclodextrin were added. Using sensory evaluation as the indicator, the optimal formulation for Polygonatum sibiricum-Lycium barbarum solid beverage was determined through single-factor and orthogonal tests, ultimately obtaining the optimal preparation process. Results The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Took Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum medicinal materials 70 g with the ratio of 4:1 (m:m), then added 80 ℃ purified water. With an extraction time of 30 minutes, a liquid-to-material ratio of 30:1 (V:m), and an ultrasonic power of 250 W. The extract was concentrated to a thick paste, each 1 mL of which was equivalent to 1 g of the crude drug. The 70 mL extract paste was taken, and 15 mL of 95% ethanol and 250 g of maltodextrin were added. The mixture was granulated using the wet granulation method, and the granules were dried at 60 ℃ for 4 hours, 20 g extract particles were taken. The final extract granules were mixed with 0.2% DL-malic acid, 5 g (25%) sucrose powder, and 0.06% β-cyclodextrin, then divided and packed into 12 bags, each containing 25 g. Under this preparation process, the validation test was conducted. The average extraction rate of polysaccharides was 10.633%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.235%. The average score for granule evaluation was 87.200, with an RSD of 0.344%. The average score for sensory evaluation was 86.133, with an RSD of 0.408%. Conclusion The entire preparation process demonstrates high repeatability and excellent stability. The solid beverage prepared by this process, when brewed, exhibits a uniform color, a sweet and sour taste, and a refreshing aroma of Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum. It is a highly nutritious functional product.

Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine. Methods This study systematically added 9 kinds of single factor experimental components from 3 major categories to the Fructus Mori. fermentation substrate, including enzyme preparations such as pectinase, cellulase and saccharifying enzyme; assimilating nitrogen sources: Diammonium dihydrogen phosphate, glutamic acid and arginine; metal ions: Calcium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. Based on the Box-Benhnken central combination design principle, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of adding exogenous additives to reduce the total higher alcohol content in Fructus Mori. wine. Results The optimal exogenous additives and their amounts were: Cellulase 0.22 g/L, magnesium chloride 21.30 mg/L, potassium chloride 26.00 mg/L. Under these conditions, the total content of higher alcohols was 302 mg/L. Compared with the fermentation without adding exogenous additives, the total content of higher alcohols under these conditions was significantly reduced by 8.76%. Conclusion This study optimizes the process of adding exogenous additives to fermented Fructus Mori. wine, which can provide a theoretical basis for solving the problem of high content of advanced alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine that are prone to overgrowth.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the nutritional quality of different varieties of almonds in Xinjiang. Methods The 19 kinds of varieties of almonds grown in Xinjiang were selected as the research objects. The content of macronutrients and micronutrients, fatty acids, amino acids and active substances were determined. Based on principal component analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the 19 kinds of varieties of almonds was conducted. Results The protein content of almonds was 22.34 g/100 g, the fat was 35.93%, and the carbohydrate content was 35.76%. The 3 kinds of organic acids, namely tartaric acid, fumaric acid and citric acid, were detected, with average content of 217, 3.98 and 197 g/kg, respectively. The content ranges of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were 0.54-1.94 mg/g and 1.42-15.79 mg/g, respectively. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main fatty acids in almonds, with average proportions of 73% and 18%, respectively. The 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in almonds, among which glutamic acid had the highest content (4.97 g/100 g), and methionine had the lowest content (0.08 g/100 g). The main minerals in almonds were potassium (705 mg/100 g), phosphorus (484 mg/100 g), magnesium (268 mg/100 g) and calcium (264 mg/100 g). The results of principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first 4 principal components of the nutritional components in almonds was 86.60%. Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, methionine and proline were important indicators for identifying the nutritional quality of almonds. Conclusion There are differences in the nutritional components among different varieties of Xinjiang almonds, and the composition and content of fatty acids and amino acids are the main parameters for evaluating almond quality.

Objective To optimize a non-destructive detection model for predicting Vaccinium spp. sugar content using hyperspectral imaging technology. Methods The L25 variety of blueberries from Dandong was selected as the subject, and hyperspectral imaging technology was acquired in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm. The average spectrum of the region of interest was calculated as the raw data. The 3 kinds of preprocessing methods, including multiple scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay (SG), were applied to improve the spectral data quality. Non-destructive sugar content prediction models were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and support vector regression (SVR) based on the full-wavelength data after preprocessing. Results The experimental results demonstrated that the PLSR model, with MSC and SNV preprocessing, exhibited the best performance, achieving root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.3586 and 0.3599, respectively. Conclusion This study provides an optimized non-destructive detection model for Vaccinium spp. sugar content, offering effective technical support for rapid and accurate sugar content prediction with significant practical potential.

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

Objective To establish a method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a new illegal additive in foods, vardenafil impurity 31 by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The UPLC-MS/MS was used to screen 92 kinds of substances of nafils illegally added in foods. The ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was used to analyze the structure of the test sample. After the structure was inferred, the standard substance was purchased and verified. The target substance in the test sample was confirmed to be vardenafil impurity 31. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was established by UPLC-MS/MS, which was suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of vardenafil impurity 31 in foods. Results The limit of detection of vardenafil impurity 31 was 5 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 10 μg/kg. The linear relationship was good in the linear range of 0.1-50.0 ng/mL, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9976, the average recovery rate was 85.33%-89.41%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 10%. Conclusion The established method is simple and accurate, and can be used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the new illegal additive vardenafil impurity 31 in foods.

Objective To explore the compositional differences in the volatile flavor substances of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines and compare their volatile flavor qualities. Methods Volatile compounds of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines (MJ1-MJ6) were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the aroma qualities were compared using principal component analysis. Results A total of 99 kinds of volatile flavor substances were detected in the study, with significant differences in content and composition among the samples, among which 11 kinds of common substances such as ethyl decanoate, isobutanol, ethyl hexanoate and isoamyl acetate constituted the basic flavor of Miao rice wine. MJ1 to MJ6 contained 12, 7, 4, 7, 4 and 11 kinds of unique substances, respectively. The top 3 most abundant substances varied from sample to sample, but were mainly esters. In terms of substance categories, esters and alcohols dominated the volatile flavor substances of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines. Principal component analysis showed that alcohols, aromatics, esters, olefins, acids and other substances were the key factors affecting the aroma quality of rice wine, with the best aroma quality being obtained for rice wine MJ6. Conclusion This study clarifies the characteristics and differences of the aroma substances of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines, and provides an important reference for the development of the Miao rice wine industry.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of sea cucumber intestinal ovigerm peptides (SCIOP) on enhancing the immune function of mice through network pharmacology and animal experiments. Methods The database was used to screen the active chemical components of SCIOP and the targets of immune cells. Gene ontology (GO) functional analysis, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on the relevant core targets to preliminarily explore the potential targets and mechanisms of SCIOP in enhancing immune function. Male kunming mice (KM) aged 4-5 weeks old were randomly assigned to 4 groups. The experimental groups were treated with SCIOP at doses of 0.52 g/kg (SCIOP-L) and 1.04 g/kg (SCIOP-H) via gavage, the positive control group received 0.52 g/kg of sea cucumber peptides, while the blank control group was given an equal volume of distilled water by gavage. After 30 days of gavage, various immune indicators were measured, including organ/body weight ratio, delayed-type hypersensitivity, splenic lymphocyte transformation capacity, humoral immunity, and peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity were measured. Results The results of network pharmacology showed that the active ingredients of SCIOP in enhancing immune function mought be cucumarioside, holothurin and other 15 kinds of ingredients. The key targets mought be cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and other 46 immune targets, which mainly enriched in cell adhesion molecules, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)and other 14 signaling pathways. Animal experiment results showed that SCIOP significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity, serum hemolysin level, the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, and splenic lymphocyte transformation capacity. Conclusion SCIOP activates immune cells with characteristics of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways, which may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various active components acting on multiple core targets and regulating a number of signaling pathways.

Objective To optimize the formulation of Dendrobium officinale compound beverage and investigate its immunomodulatory effects. Methods Single-factor experiments were first conducted to explore the effects of concentrated juices from Dendrobium officinale, Polygonatum sibiricum, Astragalus membranaceus, mulberry and wolfberry on the sensory quality of the compound beverage. Subsequently, orthogonal tests were employed to optimize the formulation and determine the optimal recipe. The immunomodulatory effects were further studied using a zebrafish model. Results The optimal ingredient ratio for the Dendrobium officinale compound beverage was determined as follows: 70% Dendrobium officinale concentrated juice, 1% Polygonatum sibiricum concentrated juice, 1% Astragalus membranaceus concentrated juice, 10% mulberry concentrated juice and 5% wolfberry concentrated juice. The beverage prepared with this formulation achieved the highest sensory score. Different concentrations of the compound beverage (7.81, 15.60 and 31.20 μL/mL) significantly increased neutrophil levels in the zebrafish tail and upregulated the relative gene expression of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Conclusion The Dendrobium officinale compound beverage exhibits a deep brown color, uniform appearance, pleasant flavor and excellent taste, demonstrating significant immune-enhancing effects.

Objective To investigate the lipid-lowering and liver protective effects of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on hyperlipidemic model rats. Methods The 50 male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and low, medium and high dose groups of NMN (10, 50, 250 mg/kg), with 10 rats in each group. The normal group was given maintenance feed, while the other groups were given high-fat feed to establish a high-fat model. After successful modeling, gastric lavage intervention was performed in each group. After 5 weeks of intervention, serum biochemical indicators and blood lipids were measured, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high densitylipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, glucose (GLU), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA) levels, combined with pathological observation of liver histological changes and nonalcoholic fattyliver disease activity score (NAS) of liver tissues was evaluated. Results Compared with the normal group, the body weight of the model group rats increased significantly, and the levels of TG, TC, LDL-c and ALT (P<0.01) in their serum increased significantly, AST and ALP levels significantly increased (P<0.05) The level of HDL-c (P<0.05) decreased significantly, while GLU and CREA showed no significant changes. Compared with the model group, the TG, TC and ALT levels in the low and medium dose groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05), the LDL-c in the medium dose group was significantly reduced (P<0.01). The TG, AST and ALT content in the high-dose group was significantly reduced (P<0.05). However, TC and LDL-c were significantly reduced (P<0.01); there was no significant difference in HDL-c, ALP, GLU and CREA. Compared with the model group, the low, medium, and high dose groups improved hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration in rats, and the total score of NAS in the medium and high dose groups was reduced and showed statistical significance. Conclusion NMN can reduce the blood lipid levels in hyperlipidemic SD rats and has a certain protective effect on the liver.