Owing to the high protein content, low fat levels, and rich amino acid profile of Bos grunniens meat, market demand has been steadily increasing. Due tohigh breeding costs, low production yields, and widespread adulteration practices have hindered the industrial development of Bos grunniens meat. Analysis technologies have played a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the supply of Bos grunniens meat products. This paper reviewed the analytical techniques applied to Bos grunniens meat assessment over the past 20 years, namely chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), biological and spectroscopic techniques. In particular, chromatography, MS and their coupled techniques had proven effective in characterizing the composition and structure of Bos grunniens meat. Biological techniques, notably polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, DNA sequencing (DNA-seq), and related methods, were applicable to species identification and genetic analysis. Furthermore, immunoassay (IA) demonstrate high sensitivity in monitoring veterinary drug residues, whileloop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) could be employed for adulterant detection. Spectroscopic techniques exhibited outstanding performance in compositional analysis, freshness evaluation and geographical origin tracing. The integration of chemometrics with spectroscopic techniques showed great promise forrapid analysis and accurate identification of Bos grunniens meat components, driving the evolution of Bos grunniens analysis toward eco-friendly, non-invasive and automated paradigms. It provides comprehensive technical references and theoretical support for quality improvement, market supervision, scientific research, and the sustainable development of the Bos grunniens industry.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of quinolones antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin) and doxycycline residues in prepared dishes by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The 84% acetonitrile aqueous solution (1% ice acetic acid) was used as extraction solution, Oasis Prime-HLB solid phase extraction column was used to purify and concentrate, all the eluents were collected, nitrogen-blown to nearly dry, and 1 mL of complex solution 10% methanol aqueous solution (containing 1% ice acetic acid) was added to vortex dissolve, and 0.22 μm microporous filter membrane was taken as supernatant. The Waters ACQUITY UPLC TM BEH C₁₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was separated, methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution were used as mobile phase, ionization mode was spray positive ion mode, and the analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reaction detection mode. Results The linear correlation of the 7 kinds of antibiotics was good (r>0.9990). The limits of detection were 0.03-0.24 μg/kg and the limits of quantitatation were 0.09-0.72 μg/kg. The recoveries were 84.5%-114.0% and the relative standard deviations were 1.1%-4.1%. Conclusion The method established in this study is convenient, rapid, accurate and stable, and can be used for quantitative analysis of 6 kinds of quinolone veterinary drug residues and doxycycline residues in prepared dishes.

Objective To establish a method for the rapid determination of 45 kinds of pesticides residues in Vitis vinifera by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods The Vitis vinifera samples were first extracted with acetonitrile by vibration and ultra-sonic. Then the mix adsorbents were used in dispersive solid phase extraction to purify the extract. After high speed centrifugation and filtration, the samples were detected by GC-MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, and LC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Results Deltamethrin exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg, while captan showed linearity within the range of 0.2 to 3.0 mg/kg, 28 kinds of pesticides including metalaxyl showed good linear relationships within the concentration range of 0.04-1.00 mg/kg, and 15 kinds of pesticides including emamectin benzoate showed good linear relationships within the concentration range of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg, with correlation coefficients reached 0.99 or above. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.00020-0.05000 mg/kg, the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.00050-0.15000 mg/kg. The spiked recoveries at 3 levels of 45 kinds of pesticides were in range of 70.3%-117.0%, the relative standard deviations were in range of 0.01%-14.30%. Conclusion With features such as accuracy and easy operation, this method can be used to fast determination of 45 kinds of pesticides in Vitis vinifera without any special samples pretreatment apparatus, and also satisfies the requirement of pesticide routine analysis.

Objective To evaluate the residue dissipation dynamics and dietary intake risks of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa), prochloraz and its metabolites in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc. Methods The residue dynamics of DCCNa, prochloraz and its metabolite 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc under room temperature and cold storage conditions were quantitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), dietary intake risks were further assessed. Results There was a positive correlation between the concentration and residual amount of DCCNa and prochloraz in fruit soaking, indicating that higher dipping concentrations resulted in greater initial residues. The dissipation dynamics of both pesticides in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc followed the first-order kinetics. The half-lives of DCCNa were 0.5-0.9 days at room temperature and 0.8-1.1 days under refrigeration, while those of prochloraz were 1.1-1.3 days and 1.5-2.1 days respectively. Additionally, the content of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, a metabolite of prochloraz, exhibited an increasing trend during storage. Dietary risk assessment demonstrated that when Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc were treated with DCCNa (15 mg/L and 60 mg/L) or prochloraz (45 mg/L and 180 mg/L) solutions for preservation respectively, the acute dietary exposure risks of both pesticides in at the highest residue levels remained within the acceptable limits. Moreover, acute dietary risk values of DCCNa and prochloraz in commercially available Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc were lower than those in the experimental treatment groups, with all acute dietary exposure risks below 100%, indicating controllable exposure levels. Conclusion This study clarifies the degradation patterns of sodium DCCNa, prochloraz and their metabolites during the storage and preservation process of Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific and standardized use of fungicidal preservatives as well as quality and safety regulation.

Objective To detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by platinum nanoparticle labeling immunoassay based on metal-organic framework. Methods LPS polyclonal antibodies were obtained through immunization of mice with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). A composite nanozyme consisting of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) loaded on metal-organic framework (MIL101-NH₂) was prepared as a signal label. This nanozyme was integrated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to establish a novel immunosensing platform for LPS detection. Results The prepared LPS antibodies demonstrated a titer of 1:256000. The constructed nanozyme-based colorimetric immunoassay showed the limit of detection was 5 ng/mL (4-fold improvement in sensitivity compared with conventional enzyme-labeled ELISA), linear detection range of 20-2000 ng/mL, and satisfactory stability and specificity. Recoveries in apple juice and beer samples ranged from 90.38% to 105.71%. Conclusion This study develop LPS antibodies exhibited high specificity and strong titer. The establish Pt@MIL101-NH₂-ELISA method demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and reliability, providing a new approach for immunological detection of LPS.

Objective To study and develop edible flower resources, evaluate their nutritional components and in vitro antioxidant activities. Methods The 6 kinds of edible flowers—Kanzan flower, loquat flowers, roses, chrysanthemums, jasmine flowers and honeysuckle—were selected as study subjects. The content of polysaccharides, polyphenols, total flavonoids, free amino acids, proteins, cyanidin and petunidin in the samples were measured. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to compare the antioxidant activity of different edible flowers. Results The chemical compositions of the 6 kinds of edible flowers showed significant differences. The free amino acid (11.18%) and protein (22.06%) content of Kanzan flower were significantly higher than those of the other 5 kinds of flowers. The polysaccharide content of the 6 kinds of flowers was concentrated around 4%. The highest polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were found in roses (9.42%-13.94%) and Guangxi honeysuckle (3.62%), respectively. Petunidin and cyanidin were detected in Kanzan flower, loquat flowers, and roses. Except for Pingyin roses, the petunidin and cyanidin contents in roses were generally higher than those in Kanzan flower and loquat flowers. Antioxidant experiments showed that roses exhibited strong scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Correlation analysis indicated that polyphenols, petunidin and cyanidin in edible flowers were positively correlated with antioxidant activity, with correlation coefficients all greater than 0.72, while no significant correlation was observed between total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging rates. Principal component analysis and comprehensive scoring revealed that roses ranked highest among the 6 kinds of flowers. Conclusion Overall, roses possess higher nutritional value as a food ingredient compared to the other five edible flowers. The research provide a scientific basis for the selection of food materials and the development of new food products in the field of edible flowers.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of glucocorticoids (GCs) (betamethasone and dexamethasone) in livestock and poultry products with 3 kinds of different substrates by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by QuEChERS, filtered by 0.22 µm organic microporous membrane. The target analytes were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry under positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) pattern, using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. Results The calibration curve showed a good linear from concentration 0-100 μg/L and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.9994. The recoveries were from 79.3% to 105.8%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 1.4% and 9.4%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of betamethasone were 4.4-4.8 μg/kg and 14.6-15.9 μg/kg respectively. The LODs and LOQs of dexamethasone were 2.7-3.4 μg/kg and 8.9-11.2 μg/kg, respectively. Conclusion The method is suitable for the determination of glucocorticoid residues in livestock and poultry products with its high sensitivity and accuracy.

Penicillin antibiotics are widely used in the field of animal and plant disease prevention and control. However, due to improper or even illegal use, there are residues of penicillin antibiotics in food. The molecular structure of penicillin is unstable and undergoes varying degrees of degradation under different conditions. The degradation products, such as penicilloic acid, are the primary contributors to its allergenicity and cytotoxicity. And once penicillin degrades, conventional detection technologies for it will not accurately reflect the actual situation. At present, the potential risks of degradation products of penicillin antibiotics in food safety have not been given sufficient attention both domestically and internationally. This article summarized the degradation processes of penicillin antibiotics under different conditions, summarized the specific applications of high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, immunoassay and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in the detection of degradation products of penicillin antibiotics. Additionally, this paper analyzed the applicability characteristics and limitations of these methods to raise awareness of food safety issues caused by degradation products of penicillin antibiotics and provide references for further research and development of related detection technologies.

Objective To investigate the effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on the sensory properties and metabolomics profiles of Dosidicus gigas viscera. Methods Three experimental groups were established: Autolytic group (B), exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (C) and ultrasound-assisted exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (U). Sensory evaluation, amino nitrogen content determination, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis were conducted to systematically compare the protein conversion efficiency under different hydrolysis strategies. Results Ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved hydrolysis efficiency. The umami score and amino nitrogen content [(0.12±0.00) g/100 mL] of the hydrolysate in the ultrasound-assisted group (U) surpassed those of the conventional exogenous enzymatic group (C). Non-targeted metabolomics showed that the metabolites in the ultrasound-assisted exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (U) and the self-enzymatic hydrolysis group (B) were significantly different, and the number of differential metabolites was greater than that in the conventional exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (C). Primarily enriched in pathways related to plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis and ABC transporters. These findings indicated that ultrasound pretreatment enhanced enzymatic efficiency by altering protein conformation and metabolic networks. Conclusion Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis effectively improves the sensory characteristics of Dosidicus gigas viscera, promotes protein degradation and metabolite production, and enhances the high-value utilization and industrial production efficiency of Dosidicus gigas by-products. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for optimizing the processing of aquatic by-products.

Objective To study and screen the novel vardenafil derivative in food, and establish a quantitative method. Methods A compound with similar structure to vardenafil was detected in food by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-exactive orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. The molecular structure and fragmentation law of the vardenafil structure analogue were inferred from the fragment ions of high-resolution mass spectrometry. The compound name was clarity compared with the custom-synthesized reference substance. Quantitative analysis was carried out in a multiple reaction monitoring by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with the external standard method. Results The novel vardenafil derivative in food was identified as propoxyphenyl hydroxy-vardenafil. The results showed that good linearity was observed for propoxyphenyl hydroxyvardenafil within the concentration range of 2-50 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 0.03 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.10 mg/kg. The average recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD) of coffee, confectionery, jelly and plant-based drinks were 87.6%-102.6% and 0.5%-6.3% respectively. The reproducibility and stability of the method were good (RSD<5%). The method was applied to measure the real samples, and 34 batches of positive samples were found with the content range of 1.60×10³-2.62×10⁴ mg/kg. -Conclusion This method is fast, accurate and high sensitivity, can be used for screening and quantitative determination of the derivative propoxyphenyl hydroxyvardenafil in food, and can provide technical support for the supervision of the illegal addition of vardenafil derivatives.