In the context of Europe's vision of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, as an important means to achieve carbon emission reduction goals, has embraced a major development opportunity. This paper summarizes the development status of CCUS in Europe, including the financial incentive policies, carbon tax and policies, laws and regulations, and technology innovation policy for the development of CCUS technology in Europe, and the challenges in the process of developing CCUS technology in Europe, including the implementation of public funds, the comprehensive development of CCUS policies, and clear definition of responsibilities for CCUS projects. It points out that up to now, the development of CCUS technology in Europe is relatively mature. Relevant laws and regulations, financial incentives, tax support policies, and technology innovation policies have come into effect. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture with carbon storage (DACCS) are important means to achieve negative emissions in the future. CO₂ industrial clusters and the development of transportation network can greatly reduce the transportation cost of CO₂, create profits at scale, and thus promote the application of CCUS. In 2020, China made the pledge to achieve carbon peaking by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Combining the development status and relevant policies of European CCUS with basic national conditions of China, it puts forward the urgent need for current development of CCUS technology in China, and the problems that need to be solved.

In order to reduce the air and pulverized coal distribution deviation of pulverized coal system, optimize the boiler combustion condition and expand the application range of pulverized coal distributor, a new pulverized coal distributor needs to be developed. By means of test bench model test, a new type pulverized coal distributor is developed. The structural design of the distributor model is completed, and the key performance of the distribution is studied, such as the effects of the pulverized coal distributor's coal amount damper resistance characteristics, the air and pulverized coal distribution and regulating characteristics, and resistance regulation on the distribution characteristics, as well as the effect of system air speed on the distribution characteristics. The results of model test and engineering application show that, the new pulverized coal distributor can effectively control the air volume deviation of the pulverized coal delivery pipeline within ±5% and pulverized coal deviation within ±10%. After the engineering transformation and leveling test of the new pulverized coal distributor for No.3 boiler of a power plant, the thermal load deviation of furnace can be effectively reduced, and the deviation of the two metal wall temperature points, which can reach 150 ℃ before transformation, can be controlled within 15 ℃, which greatly improves the safety and reliability of the boiler operation. The development and engineering application of the new pulverized coal distributor have certain guidance and reference significance for reducing the distribution deviation of pulverized coal in pulverized coal system and solving the series of problems such as partial burning, over temperature and corrosion in boiler operation.

Against the difficulty of optimal scheduling of integrated energy systems under the operating conditions of multiple energy complementary mechanisms, a multi-objective optimal scheduling study is carried out considering the reduction of system operation and maintenance costs, carbon dioxide emission and renewable energy abandonment. A mathematical model is established for all the equipments in the electric-gas-heat-cold energy system. The constraint conditions that can simulate the long-term operation scheduling of the integrated energy system are established to solve the modeling difficulties of energy storage equipment in the long-term operation simulation, and the comprehensive energy system is optimized by using low-carbon economic operation index. The results of the minimum operation cost scheduling and the minimum carbon emission scheduling are compared. Moreover, the influence of carbon price and operation and maintenance cost increase on scheduling results is simulated. The simulation results show that, using only the minimum operation and maintenance cost or the lowest carbon emission as the scheduling index will lead to high carbon emission or high operation and maintenance cost, and the low-carbon economic scheduling considering the consumption of renewable energy and carbon emission reduction index can reduce the low-carbon economic operation cost of the whole system.

Under the policy of peak shaving and carbon trading, cogeneration units face a more complex background. In order to obtain the carbon emission characteristics, income distribution and carbon trading economy of the traditional extraction condensing cogeneration unit under all operating conditions, and provide a reference for the unit to deal with carbon market fluctuations when participating in carbon trading. Using EBSILON simulation software combined with python program, the carbon emission distribution and income composition of the unit under all operating conditions are obtained. The research results show that the carbon emission kilowatt hour is inversely proportional to the load. Taking 325 MW and 150 MW as examples, the carbon emission intensity of power supply increases from 903.54 g/(kW·h) to 1 015.28 g/(kW·h), and the total carbon emission is proportional to the load; The highest proportion of peak shaving income can reach 55%; The highest proportion of carbon trading income can reach 8%, and the peak shaving income accounts for a large proportion in the low load, while the carbon trading income accounts for a large proportion in the high load. Comparing the change of carbon price from 40 yuan/t to 90 yuan/t and the change of power supply carbon emission standard from 0.9 times to 1.3 times, it is found that the change of power supply carbon emission standard has a greater impact on the proportion of carbon trading income. The formulation of power supply carbon emission standard should be combined with the unit emission level. Too high or too low will affect the enthusiasm of cogeneration power plants to participate in carbon trading.

Incoloy 800H is used for high temperature section of heat transfer tubes of the first high temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power unit in China, of which the highest design temperature is 675 ℃. The steam oxidation properties of the Incoloy 800H at the design temperature are investigated. The structure of oxide scale of the Incoloy 800H is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that, the oxidation kinetic curve of the 800H alloy in steam at 675 ℃ is close to the cubic law, namely the cubic of the weight gain is nearly proportional to the oxidation time. The oxide scale has a double-layer structure. The outer layer is mainly composed of Fe₃O₄, Fe₂O₃ and a small amount of Ni, and the inner layer is Cr₂O₃ nanocrystalline with a small amount of Ni, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ particles distributed in it. Some internal oxide particles of Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ are distributed in the matrix metal adjacent to the oxide layer.

In order to clarify the dynamic characteristics of bed temperature of biomass circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, so as to establish a CFB combustion control system which is more suitable for biomass, a dynamic bed temperature model is established by analyzing the biomass combustion process and combustion mechanism. On the basis of the theory of instant burning carbon combustion, the correlation degree of temperature field in the furnace is calculated and analyzed. The results show that, the calculated bed temperature can be controlled basically stable near the filtering value of the actual bed temperature, and the variation trend of the bed temperature is similar to that of the actual filter bed temperature, which verifies the adaptability and effectiveness of the model. The temperature correlation difference of the upper and lower parts of the biomass CFB boiler is related to the oxygen content and the temperature of the furnace. The temperature difference of the left and right sides is greatly affected by the flue gas flow. In the upper part of the furnace, the material concentration and the uneven heating surface arrangement are also important reasons affecting the temperature characteristics.

Control of main steam temperature (MST) is becoming more and more challenging because of unknown disturbances caused by frequent and extensive load changes and strict control requirements for the efficiency and safety. To this end, considering the sluggish responses to the disturbances caused by high order dynamics, an anti-disturbance control scheme with stair-like dynamic matrix control (SDMC) algorithm as the core is proposed to solve fundamentally the control problem of large delay, big inertia and multiple disturbances in MST. This study aims to provide technical support for the clean and efficient use of coal and the large-scale consumption of renewable energy sources in China. A simulation example shows that the proposed improved equivalent input disturbance observer (IEIDO) can realize real-time estimation and compensation of disturbances, while SDMC can not only ensure the rapidity and stability of the steam temperature control system, but also achieve disturbance suppression according to the introduction of measured disturbance feed-forward compensation technology. Therefore, the proposed scheme can guarantee the safety, stability, economy and flexibility of the unit operation, which has a promising application future in power industry.

Using ceramic membrane to recover moisture from gas is a feasible way that not only can realize the recycling of resources, but also can alleviate environmental pollution. By taking double-row ceramic membrane module as the research object, the heat and mass transfer of water vapor transport was theoretically analyzed, the physical model was established, and numerical simulation was carried out according to the boundary parameters under actual conditions. Then, a pilot test platform was built on a coal-fired unit to carry out the experimental research on the purified flue gas after wet desulfurization. The results show that, the amount of recovered water decreased linearly from 29.45 kg/h to 18.13 kg/h by increasing the cooling water temperature from 25 ℃ to 36 ℃. With the growing of flue gas flowrate, the recovered water gradually increased, but the growth rate gradually decreased. The deviations of the recovery water amount between the calculated results and the experimental data were less than 7%.

By riser two-phase flow model and thermodynamic model, exergy analysis for the thermosyphon-based trilateral cycle (TTLC) proposed in the previous work by the authors is carried out to investigate the exergy performance of the system and the relevant influencing factors. The results show that, the system exergy efficiency varies in the range of 15%~30% with the increasing inlet temperature of heat source, which always helps to enhance the exergy efficiency. As the inlet temperature of cooling source decreases, the exergy efficiency changes from 23%to 27% with an optimum value. An optimization opportunity exists for the temperature difference of heater at the hot side, for example, a setting value of 4 ℃ seems to be a better choice. The riser exergy loss rate is a key factor to determine the system efficiency, especially under the condition where the temperature difference of the cycle is relatively larger. Decreasing temperature pinch point of the heater helps to decrease the internal and external exergy loss rates of the heater, but will lead to more exergy destructions in other processes. However, it exerts positive effects on system efficiency on the whole.

To realize stable combustion and refined combustion adjustment of boilers and to gain an in-depth understanding of the jet characteristics of direct flow pulverized coal burners, by taking the pulverized coal burner with surrounding air and its horizontal branch of the secondary air of a quadrangular tangentially pulverized coal boiler as research objects, the effects of throttle column height, secondary air door opening, and wind baffle angle on airflow characteristics are analyzed by numerical simulation under thermal condition. The calculation results show that, for the pulverized coal burner with a small nozzle area of the surrounding air and a thicker horizontal branch of secondary air, adding a throttle column at the position of a secondary air door can effectively improve the uniformity of velocity distribution of the nozzle area of the surrounding air. The opening degree of the secondary air door poses no noticeable effect on the airflow velocity distribution near the nozzle area of the surrounding air, and adding a wind baffle at the burner nozzle can improve the rigidity of primary air and the protection of surrounding air to primary air.