Paurocephala sauteri, characterized by small individuals, rapid reproduction and overlapped generations, is the most damaging pest of mulberry trees in tropical and subtropical areas. It happens in seedling period, leading to yield loss over 40%, or even out of harvest, and is very difficult to control. In order to accurately predict and efficiently control the pest, and to improve the yield and quality of mulberry leaves, the internal reproductive system of the male and female adults of the pest in different developmental periods was dissected and observed to clarify the morphological characteristics and changes of the internal reproductive system of male and female adults of the pest before and after mating. Except for 2 pairs of lateral oviducts the composition of the internal reproductive system of the female adults is similar to Trioza erytreae (Del guercio), and male adults is highly similar to Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama). Compared with the pre-mating period, the length of spermatheca in mating and post-mating periods reached nearly 1.63 times and 1.85 times, and the width increased by about 1.74 times and 1.84 times respectively, with significant differences in each period (P<0.05), the length and width of eggs increased rapidly, to mating period increased by nearly 2 times (P<0.05). At the same time, several large vesicles appeared inside the egg in mating period and disappeared in post-mating period, them should be trophoblasts, providing nutrition for oocytes. Compared with the pre-mating period, the testes of the male increased to the maximum in the mating period and shrank to the minimum in the post-mating period. There were significant differences in the three periods (P<0.05), while the length and width of the seminal vesicle both significantly increased to about twice (P<0.05) in mating and post-mating periods. This study has practical significance to precisely judge and determine the appropriate period of prevention and control, to clone reproductive-related genes, to develop new gene targeting agents, and to formulate efficient prevention and control measures of P. sauteri.

Hippeastrum is a new kind of flower introduced in large scale from abroad in recent years, but its seedlings are expensive, regular scale cuttage propagation speed is slow and needs a large number of mother bulbs. Cross breeding, a common method for its new varieties, however, has poor orientation. This aim of this study was to establish an efficient callus regeneration system for rapid propagation and factory production of seedlings, which can also be used for the orientation breeding of Hippeastrum. The effects about different plant growth regulators on callus induction and plantlet regeneration were studied with the leaves of Hippeastrum 'Bankkok Rose' plantlet in vitro. The highest induction rate of callus (39.67%) was observed when the basal leaves of the buds in vitro were cultured on MS+2,4-D 2.00 mg/L+TDZ 0.50 mg/L medium for 45 days. The optimal medium for callus proliferation was MS+6-BA 2.00 mg/L, and the average proliferation was 4.01 times every 20 days. The optimal medium for callus differentiation was MS+ KT 0.50 mg/L. After 60 days, the adventitious bud differentiation coefficient reached 10.59, and the seedling formation coefficient was 5.67. The rooting rate reached 100% after 30 days in MS+IBA 0.50 mg/L. After 30 days of root culture, the small plants were transplanted to the coir: peat soil: vermiculite =1 : 1 : 1 substrate, and the survival rate reached 93.33% after 30 days. This study could provide technical support for industrial propagation of Hippeastrum seedlings, and also provide excellent receptor materials for subsequent molecular breeding.

C. camphora (L.) Presl is the most effective plant for extracting natural borneol in China. In order to help determine its proper habitat, this research plans to select branches and leaves of C. camphora (L.) Presl from eight habitats in China according to its habits, natural borneol of the leaves and branches of C. camphora (L.) Presl were extracted by steam distillation. The relative content of the chemical components in the extract was determined by GC-MS. The bacteriostatic circle diameter of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella enteritidis subsp was measured by the paper method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by 96 micro well plates. Chemical composition determination showed that the content of natural borneol extracted from the branches and leaves from different habitats was different, among them, d-borneol, camphor, d-limonene, eucalyptol, d-α-pinene, camphene, α-humulene and terpinen-4-ol were the common components, and the content of d-borneol was the highest, then camphor. The highest content of d-borneol was found from Yuan'an, Hubei, China (82.47%), and the lowest content was found from Ruyuan, Guangdong, China (41.63%). The natural borneol extracted from various habitats showed bacteriostatic effect on the three tested strains, and the diameter range of bacteriostatic ring was 14.60 to 27.95 mm, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 250 to 1250 μg/mL, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0 to 1000 μg/mL. The natural borneol from Yuan'an and Jishui, Jiangxi had the best bacteriostatic effect, while that from Guangdong had the worst on the whole. In conclusion, the bacteriostatic activity of the extracts from the branches and leaves of C. camphora (L.) Presl is correlated with the content of its main components, and the habitat with the highest content of d-bornol has the best bacteriostatic effect, while the other has poor bacteriostatic effect. The data obtained in this research are accurate and reliable, and would provide a basis for the quality evaluation of the extracts of C. camphora (L.) Presl branches and leaves and the development of natural borneol resources.

Centromea pubescens is an important tropical leguminous forage. It is of great significance to study the salt tolerance mechanism of the plant for breeding excellent varieties and improving forage yield. In order to study the difference of salt tolerance of different seeds of C. pubescens in the germination period, the salt tolerance of 75 germplasms was identified in the germination period. NaCl with 150 mmol/L, and 14 indexes such as germination rate, germination potential, root length, bud length and fresh weight were measured, and membership function, principal component analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis were carried out to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of germplasm resources of pteromea and to screening salt tolerant germplasm. Under salt stress concentration of 150 mmol/L, the coefficient of variation of relative root shoot ratio was the highest (67.75%), which could be used as one of the evaluation indicators of salt tolerance. The correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant (P<0.01) relationship between any two germination indicators of the germination rate and germination potential, and the other indicators were related to each other to a certain extent. Four principal component as the main component analysis of the direction of the cumulative contribution rate of 83.17% could replace most of the information of all indicators, comprehensively reflecting the germination characteristics during germination under salt stress, and determine the germination index, relative root shoot ratio, relative germination rate and root shoot ratio as the evaluation indicators of salt tolerance through the load matrix. The average membership function and comprehensive score were comprehensively evaluated for salt tolerance, and the 75 germplasm resources were divided into four categories by clustering based on the comprehensive score value of salt tolerance (Z), including 1 highly salt tolerant germplasm (Centrosema 050321057), 17 salt tolerant germplasm, 7 low salt tolerant germplasm and 50 salt sensitive germplasm. In this study, the salt tolerance evaluation system and material evaluation and screening methods were established, which could provide a basis for the study of salt tolerance and salt tolerance gene screening of the genus.

In this paper, the bibliometrics approach in conjunction with the Research Leadership Index (RLI) was used to compare and assess the scientific research performance and innovation level of the major producing nations of natural rubber on 12 Research Fronts. The Research Fronts of each nation were revealed to enter the innovation excellence position, innovation forefront position, and innovation rank position, as well as the status of innovation catching up position and innovation gap, from three major research areas of agriculture and plant science, ecology and environmental science, chemistry and material science. China has grown to be a significant player in global natural rubber research, with the highest RLI score globally. The United States comes in second with a score roughly 65% of that of China. France, Germany, Thailand, India, and Malaysia are ranked third through seventh, respectively, with France, Germany, and Thailand being in the same active cascade as India and Malaysia. The United States and France are currently in the innovation excellence position in the majority of the Research Fronts (more than 50.00%), while China has entered the position in 100% of the Research Fronts. There is a large Research Front gap between the countries of Germany, Thailand, India, Malaysia and the countries of China, the United States, and France. 16.67% of the Research Front in Germany, Thailand, India, and Malaysia is still in the innovation catching up stage. In all three of these lucrative industries, where China excels at invention, the country has taken the lead. The performance of the other six nations varies in several areas. In the fields of agriculture and plant science, Germany, Thailand and Malaysia, have taken the innovation leadership and ranked positions, respectively, while India is in the innovation catching up position. The United States and France have entered the innovation excellence position. While India lags behind, the United States and France fare better than Germany, Thailand, and Malaysia. The United States and Germany have taken the top spots for innovation and excellence in the field of ecological and environmental science. France, Thailand, India, and Malaysia are still lagging behind in terms of innovation. The performance of the United States and Germany is superior, whereas that of France, Thailand, India, and Malaysia is subpar. In the fields of chemistry and materials science, the innovative excellence position has been attained by 50.00% of the Research Front in the United States and France, 30.00% in Thailand and India, 20.00% in Germany, and 10.00% in Malaysia. In the United States and France, 50.00% of the Research Front has joined the innovation forefront position and the innovation rank position, while India is at 70.00%. At 60.00%, 50.00%, and 80.00%, respectively, Germany, Thailand, and Malaysia are in the innovation forefront position and innovation rank position, but 20.00%, 20.00%, and 10.00% of the Research Front are still in the innovation catching up position. The six nations perform fairly evenly in this regard, but the United States, France, and India outperform Germany, Thailand, and Malaysia by a small margin.

At present, the difficulty and pain point that sugarcane mechanical harvesting cannot be widely promoted is that mechanical rolling has a negative effect on sugarcane growth. In order to explore the effects of mechanical harvesting on the main agronomic traits and important physiological indexes of GT47 and GT31 at seedling stage, and provide theoretical reference for the evaluation of physiological adaptability of sugarcane mechanical harvesting and selection of suitable mechanical harvesting varieties, a randomized block design was used to compare and analyze the differences of plant growth rate, tiller rate, main components of leaves, root activity and related enzymes between mechanical and artificial harvesting treatments. The results showed that mechanical harvesting had a great effect on the rate of plant initiation and tillering of GT31, but not on the rate of plant initiation of GT47. There was a significant difference in nitrogen content between the two varieties during artificial harvesting, and the two harvesting methods had no obvious effect on the nitrogen content of GT47. The difference of total P content between GT47 and GT31 was extremely significant in artificial harvest, while there was no significant difference in total P content between the two varieties in mechanical harvest. Potassium content was greatly affected by different fertilization methods and different sugarcane varieties, and there was a significant difference in total potassium content between GT47 and GT31 regardless of mechanical or artificial harvesting. The root activity of GT47 and GT31 was 0.53 mg/(g·h) and 0.82 mg/(g·h) respectively in mechanical harvesting, but there was no significant difference in the root activity of the two varieties in artificial harvesting. After mechanical milling, the MDA content of GT31 root was significantly higher than that of artificial harvesting, while the MDA content of GT47 root showed no significant difference between the two harvesting methods. The CAT activity in root system of GT47 was 688.07 nmol/(min·g), which was significantly higher than that of GT31. There was no significant difference in Pro content and POD activity in roots among different varieties and different harvesting methods of the same variety. The adaptability of different sugarcane varieties in different harvest way differed. GT47 responded more quickly in tillering and other agronomic traits, and leaf nutrition, root activity, root art related enzymes after mechanical compaction. GT47 is more suitable for mechanical harvest.

Trachoma Garay, originally described from northern India, was recently collected from Motuo, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The flowers are similar to those of Tuberolabium Yamamoto, but in that genus the flowers open simultaneously along an elongate rachis and with deeply cleft separated by a hyaline flange poliionia, whereas in Trachoma they open in successive clusters on an abbreviated rachis and with entire or obscurely sulcate pollinia.

Three tapping time during the daytime of six rubber cultivars was set to explore the rubber yield, latex quality and raw rubber properties of different rubber varieties. The two-way analysis of variance showed that rubber production was significantly affected by the interaction between tapping time and rubber variety, and the response of each physiological parameter to the variety was significantly different, but there was no significant difference to the tapping time. The most suitable time for daytime rubber tapping is 6:00 am in the three daytime rubber tapping time treatment. Reken 524 and Reken 525 were the most suitable daytime rubber tapping variety judged by latex volume, dry rubber yield and physiological parameters. 7-33-97 and Reken 501 were the most suitable daytime rubber tapping variety judged by common raw latex properties. Considering the purpose of improving labor efficiency and increasing the income of rubber workers, Reken 524 and Reken 525 could be used for daytime rubber tapping at 6:00 am during the peak rubber production period in Maoming Reclamation Area, Guangdong, China.

In the agroforestry system, the spatial distribution of the root system of each component determines its competitive ability to the resources in the system, which is an important basis for the design of an agroforestry system. In this paper, the root density and spatial distribution of Areca catechu and elephant grass in the compound system were studied by the zonal layered mining method, and the underground competition index of A. catechu and elephant grass was calculated by the niche overlap formula proposed by Levins. The biomass density of betel nut root (1343.88 g/m³) was 2.41 times that of elephant grass (558.53 g/m³). In the horizontal direction, the biomass density, root length density and competition index of fine roots (0-2 mm), middle roots (2-5 mm) and thick roots (> 5mm) of A. catechu decreased with the increase of the distance between roots and the base of A. catechu trunk. The root biomass density, root length density and competition index of elephant grass increased with the increase of distance, and the distribution was relatively uniform. In the horizontal direction, the root biomass density of A. catechu in 80cm from the trunk of A. catechu was significantly higher than that of elephant grass, and the root biomass density of elephant grass in 120-140 cm was significantly higher than that of A. catechu, but there was no significant difference between them in other distances. The root length density of A. catechu in 20-40 cm was higher than that of elephant grass, but the difference is not significant. The root length density of elephant grass in other horizontal distances was significantly higher than that of A. catechu. Except 20-60 cm from the trunk, the competition index of elephant grass in other areas was higher than that of betel nut. In the vertical direction, the biomass density, root length density and competition index of fine root, middle root, thick root and elephant grass root in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those in 20-40 cm soil layer. In the two soil layers, the root length density of A. catechu root system was smaller than that of elephant grass, while the biomass density and competition index of A. catechu root system were larger than that of elephant grass. The results show that although the root distribution of A. catechu and elephant grass overlaps in space, they have their own advantages in a certain area, and neither can form an absolute competitive advantage over the other, thus both can grow healthily in the competition. Therefore, in order to effectively reduce the competition between betel nut and elephant grass, give full play to their respective advantages, and maximize their yield and benefit, we should appropriately increase the planting distance between elephant grass and betel nut trees, and appropriately strengthen the water and fertilizer input in the upper soil in the intercropping area.

In order to explore the effects of different rainfall and stand types in the same area on vegetation diversity, three regions with large annual rainfall differences in Hainan were selected to conduct vegetation diversity control experiments with different stand types. The results showed that 61 species, 58 genera, 45 families were present in the natural forests, 39 species, 37 genera, 26 families were present in the Eucalyptus plantations, and the vegetation diversity of Mangifera indica plantations, Acacia mangium plantations and Hevea brasiliensis plantations was relatively low due to frequent artificial management. The effects of rainfall on species diversity index of natural forest were significant (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in Eucalyptus plantation (P>0.05). The species richness index (R) of natural forest and Eucalyptus plantation increased gradually with the increase of rainfall. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson diversity index (D) and Pielou evenness index (J_sw) of tree layer and shrub layer of natural forest decreased with the increase of rainfall, while the herbaceous layer did the opposite. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index and Pielou evenness index of shrub layer and herb layer of Eucalyptus plantation increased with the increase of rainfall. The fluctuation of species diversity index was mainly in shrub layer and herb layer of natural forest and Eucalyptus plantation, and the change of tree layer was relatively stable. The rainfall and canopy shaded effect were the important reason for the differences in regional species diversity, compared with natural forest of Eucalyptus plantation tree layer the lack of ecological niche of the vegetation diversity was the main reason for the low and had nothing to do with the tree itself, specific provisions of other economic forest caused by frequent grass fertilizer management was relatively single species diversity. Therefore, the key to improve species diversity of the plantation is to establish a mixed or different-age forest to transform the existing pure forest to promote the release of the niche of the tree layer and change the management mode of other economic stands at the same time.