The 3^rd to 5^th instar nymphs and adults were released in tobacco fields and greenhouses to investigate the differences in dispersal capacity and dynamic patterns across developmental stages of Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff). Under greenhouse conditions, dispersal characteristics including release timing, spatial distribution, diffusion coefficients and colonization rates were analyzed. Additionally, dispersal velocities across different developmental stages were measured under field conditions. Results demonstrated variations in dispersal capacity among developmental stages within 12-48 hours post-release, showing a gradual enhancement trend with advancing insect age. Throughout the release period, adults exhibited significantly higher dispersal coefficients than nymphs in tobacco fields, while in greenhouses, adult dispersal coefficients only surpassed nymphs significantly during 12-24 hours post-release. During dispersal, nymphs in the greenhouse primarily clustered on tobacco plants, while the majority of adults exhibited a radial dispersal tendency. At 72 hours post-release, significant differences in colonization rates emerged among developmental stages in greenhouses, with adults achieving markedly higher rates than nymphs, demonstrating a stepwise decline as instar levels decreased (adult>5^th>4^th>3^rd). Dispersal patterns stabilized with prolonged release duration. This study would provide critical evidence for scientifically evaluating the biocontrol potential of E. furcellata, offering substantial significance for enhancing natural enemy efficacy and advancing scientific pest management strategies.

40 newly developed domestic sugarcane varieties (lines) were used to screen sugarcane varieties with strong cold tolerance and excellent comprehensive traits in Quanzhou county, Guangxi. The results indicated that the value of plant height, stem diameter, millable stalk number, single stalk weight and cane yield of plant crop were higher than those in ratoon crop under natural low temperature conditions, with extremely significant difference observed in plant height, single stalk weight, and cane yield between plant crop and ratoon crop. There were significant or highly significant difference in plant height, stem diameter, millable stalk number, single stalk weight and cane yield among different varieties. Field brix, sucrose content and purity of plant crop and ratoon crop exhibited an ascending trend before the arrival of the first strong low-temperature weather, afterwards exhibited an declining trend. Stalk length damage rate (SDR) demonstrated a progressive increase across three survey periods in both plant crop and ratoon crop, but green leaves percentage (GLP) was gradually decreasing. Plant damage rate (PDR) differed among varieties initially, while in the second and third investigation, PDR reached 100% for all varieties. GT51, GT32, GT13-532, DZ09-78, GT58 and GT52 exhibited strong cold tolerance based on the the subordinate function method. The result from maximum entropy-minimum residual composite index model demonstrated that sugar content, cane yield and millble cane number in ratoon crop ranked the top three in weight coefficients, exerting significant impacts on the comprehensive evaluation of sugarcane varieties. DZ07-36, ZT1, ZZ6, YT07-913, FN38, DZ09-78, GT55, GT51, GT52, GT42 and GT58 showed overall superior performance and are suitable for promotion in colder northern sugarcane-growing regions.

Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’, as a new cultivar of C. ensifolium, has an elegant posture and a distinctive pink-white colour, which is of high value for garden application. In order to deeply understand the flower formation rules of C. ensifolium, and to produce high-quality flowers to meet the demand of the holiday market, ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was used as the experimental material to elaborate the morphological change process of flower buds and flower development during the process of flower formation, and to study the effect of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on its flowering period and blooming quality. The process of flower bud differentiation was divided into six periods according to the results of paraffin sections: floral primordial induction, inflorescence primordial differentiation, floral primordial differentiation, sepal primordial differentiation, petal primordial differentiation, as well as the stage of gynostemium and pollen block differentiation. The process of flower development was divided into six periods according to the characteristics of the morphology changes of inflorescences: the end of inflorescence bud differentiation, bract wrapping period, inflorescence elongation period, coloring period of flower buds, blossom period and flower wilting period. Spraying CPPU and cytokinin could advance the flowering period of C. ensifolium by about 1 month, among which 1 g/L CPPU+1∶1000 cytokinin had the best effect, and the treatment entered into the stage of flower development in 44 d. The flowering period was advanced by 26.55 d, and the duration of blooming was prolonged by 1.89 d compared with that of the control, and the flower buds increased by 0.54 per pot, and the scape diameter was thickened by 0.28 mm. It is assumed that CPPU stimulates the cell division of pseudobulbs, prompts their expansion, and then accumulates sufficient nutrients for the transformation of flower formation. In this study, the flowering process in ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was delineated, which provides key information for the subsequent in-depth study of the mechanism of flower formation to determine the sampling period and the prediction of flowering time in the industry. The effect of CPPU on the flowering of ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was investigated, which lays a theoretical basis for the establishment of a precise technical system of flower regulation.

In flowering plants, pollen grains land on the stigma surface, undergo hydration, and germinate to produce pollen tubes. Subsequently, the pollen tube grows through the stigma toward the ovule. Within the ovule, the pollen tube ruptures to release sperm cells. The two sperm cells fuse with the egg cell and the central cell, respectively, forming a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm, thereby completing the double fertilization process. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are crucial physiological processes in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. The processes are of significant importance for the propagation of plant species and serve as the fundamental basis for the yield of grain crops. Calcium signaling, functioning as a critical secondary messenger, plays a central role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In plants, calcium signaling refers to the regulatory mechanism driven by dynamic changes in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca²⁺) concentrations. Calcium signaling serves as a key regulatory mechanism in plant cell signal transduction, involved in critical processes such as pollen grain perception of osmotic stress, germination, pollen tube growth, and guidance. Simultaneously, through modulating various pathways including calcium channels, calcium pumps, and calcium-binding proteins on the cell membrane, calcium signaling facilitates dynamic remodeling of the pollen tube cytoskeleton, thereby enabling pollen tube elongation and directional growth at the tip. Furthermore, calcium signaling coordinates with pathways involving auxin and abscisic acid to regulate pollen tube growth while promoting dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton and tip-focused growth through membrane-associated calcium channels and transporters. The review provides an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium signaling in pollen germination and pollen tube growth, and its synergistic interactions with other signaling networks. These insights advance our understanding of plant reproductive biology and offer potential theoretical foundations for crop genetic improvement and agricultural innovation.

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are crucial functional proteins in plants responding to stress, exhibiting multiple biological roles in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This article systematically reviewed recent advances in PR protein research in rubber trees, with emphasis on the functional characteristics in stress resistance mechanisms, laticifer plugging, and allergenicity, while highlighting the critical relationship between PR proteins and laticifer plugging. PR proteins participate in defense responses against stresses through complex molecular networks, potentially influencing latex yield via laticifer plugging processes. Some PR proteins exhibit strong allergenic properties. Although transgenic studies of PR proteins have achieved preliminary progress, further optimization of expression regulation strategies is required to balance stress resistance, yield, and allergenicity. Future research should prioritize elucidating the mechanistic roles of PR proteins, especially investigating how the expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (particularly chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases) correlate with rubber productivity. Concurrently, functional exploration of understudied PR protein categories like PR-14 warrants attention. Developing precise molecular breeding technologies based on these findings will provide both theoretical foundations and technical support for rubber tree variety improvement.

A comprehensive evaluation of agronomic traits of 70 varieties of fresh food tomato germplasms was conducted. Genetic diversity analysis of 28 morphological traits of the germplasms was carried out using methods such as variance analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and calculation of comprehensive evaluation scores. The analysis results of genetic variability of 13 quantitative traits indicated that the variation degree of the germplasms was relatively high and the variation was rich. The variation range was 21.68%‒99.08%, and the genetic diversity index was relatively high, suggesting that the phenotypic diversity of germplasms was relatively rich and there was a significant degree of variation among the traits, indicating excellent selection potential. Among these, the traits such as single fruit weight, number of chambers, sugar-acid ratio, and transverse diameter exhibit relatively high genetic variation. The correlation analysis results showed that the traits significantly corelated with fruit firmness were the greateast in number, and fruit firmness were extremely significantly positively correlated with fruit surface ridges, fleshiness, single fruit weight, number of chambers, flesh thickness, and acidity. Sugar content was significantly negatively correlated with fruit color before maturity, and it was extremely significantly negatively correlated with fruit surface ridges, single fruit weight, number of chambers, and flesh thickness, and significantly positively correlated with plant height, and extremely significantly positively correlated with fruit shape index and soluble solids content. Single fruit weight was significantly positively correlated with leaf type, significantly negatively correlated with fruit peel color, extremely significantly positively correlated with flower sequence type and fruit surface ridges, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with fruit top shape and fruit shape. The principal component analysis results indicated that the 28 phenotypic traits could be classified into nine factors. The eigenvalues were all above 1.0, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 78.143%, which could reflect most of the information of all indicators and highlight the basic characteristics of the germplasms. Cluster analysis further divided the germplasms into five groups. The first and fourth groups had smaller tomato fruits and stronger edible properties, which could be important materials for cultivating cherry tomato varieties with good taste and high quality. The fifth group had higher hardness and larger fruits, and could be used to cultivate economic tomato varieties suitable for long-distance transportation. The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the top five germplasms were XH20-48, XH20-35, XH20-37, XH20-34 and XH20-30. In conclusion, this research achievement is dedicated to discovering and exploring the excellent tomato germplasm resources retained by the research group, laying a foundation for the next step of creating core parents and breeding new high-quality tomato varieties with characteristics unique to Xinjiang.

Sri Lankan cassava mosaic disease, caused by Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), is a recently emerging dangerous disease in China. Existing detection methods of SLCMV are constrained by low sensitivity and poor efficiency, impeding related research and applications. Primers and probes were designed according to the gene sequences of the SLCMV, and a positive plasmid standard was prepared. The TaqMan fluorescence quantitative detection technology for SLCMV was established, and its application effect was verified. The method only generated specific fluorescence signals for SLCMV DNA samples, and the minimum detectable amount of the positive plasmid standard was 4.5×10¹ copies/μL. The standard curve showed that there was a good linear relationship between the C_t value and the logarithm of the copy number. The slope of the curve was –3.1312, the correlation coefficient R² was 0.9969, the amplification efficiency (E) was 97.9%, and the equation of the standard curve was y=–3.1312x+34.599. Using this technology to detect the tested samples from two cassava plantations in Guangxi and Fujian, the positive detection rate of leaves was 95.45% and 78.57%, respectively, and the minimum detectable copy number was 1.45×10⁵ copies/g. The virus-carrying rate of Bemisia tabaci in the field was 86%, and the minimum virus-carrying amount was 9.42×10⁴ copies/B. tabaci. This technology has good sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability, and could provide effective technical support for the monitoring and control work such as field identification, early diagnosis, and evaluation of virus-free stem cuttings of the disease.

Areca palm leaf yellowing virus disease, caused by Areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1), is a fatal disease for which no effective control measures currently exist. Breeding resistant or tolerant varieties is the key approach to addressing this issue, while the collection of superior germplasm resources is an essential foundation for breeding efforts. This study focused on three major affected areas in Hainan Province (Tunchang, Qionghai, and Wanning) and systematically conducted research activities including germplasm collection, phenotypic observation, pathogen detection, and long-term monitoring. The results revealed that among the 200 areca palm germplasm materials collected, 84 out of 100 resistant/susceptible materials did not show the presence of APV1, while 92 out of 100 susceptible materials tested positive for APV1. This finding confirmed a close association between APV1 infection and plant yellowing symptoms, and demonstrated that the screened resistant/tolerant materials are representative. Through continuous observation and correlation analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between tree age and resistance/tolerance to the disease. This study successfully identified a group of betel palm germplasm resources with resistance/tolerance traits, laying a crucial foundation for the development of disease-resistant varieties in future breeding programs.

The study was aimed to explore the physiological response and gene expression differences of cassava seedlings under waterlogging stress and to provide theoretical basis for disaster prevention and reduction of cassava northward migration cultivation in Hunan Province. Seedlings of cassava NZ199 were used, and two waterlogging levels of moderate (W1) and severe (W2) were set. The normal water supply (CK) was used as the control. The photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities of the seedlings were measured after 14 days of stress and after rewatering, and transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed on the leaves after 14 days of stress. The results showed that with the aggravation of stress, the net photosynthetic rate decreased, and the stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration and transpiration rate showed an overall upward trend. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were significantly higher than those of CK under waterlogging stress, the content of malondialdehyde increased, and the degree of accumulation was positively correlated with the degree of stress, indicating that the plant initiated the antioxidant mechanism when suffering from waterlogging, but still suffered a certain degree of oxidative damage. After rewatering treatment, the photosynthetic index decreased significantly compared with that before stress. Antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content also decreased, indicating that although the plant had a certain recovery ability, it did not fully recover to the normal level before stress. The results of transcriptome sequencing showed that 900, 1542 and 575 differentially expressed genes were identified in the three comparison groups of W1 vs CK, W2 vs CK and W2 vs W1, respectively, of which 1594 were up-regulated and 1423 were down-regulated. The pathways significantly enriched by KEGG included flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, etc. In summary, cassava seedlings have certain waterlogging resistance, but the waterlogging resistance has a threshold value. Timely drainage after waterlogging helps to reduce plant damage. In this study, the physiological and gene expression changes of cassava under different degrees of waterlogging stress in Hunan were systematically analyzed, and several differentially expressed genes and pathways related to waterlogging resistance were identified, which would lay a theoretical foundation for screening candidate genes of cassava in response to waterlogging stress, and also provide a new direction for further research on the molecular mechanism of cassava waterlogging resistance and the cultivation of waterlogging resistant varieties.

Plant rhizosphere bacteria play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and utilization, and the active functional microbial communities in the rhizosphere are closely associated with high yield of crops. This study aimed to isolate, screen and identify functional bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of super high-yield rubber trees to identify beneficial strains that could potentially enhance rubber tree productivity. Using gradient dilution plating and selective medium, 60 strains of functional bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of super high yield rubber trees in Mengla Farm, Yunnan province. The isolated strains were characterized for the abilities to solubilize phosphate and potassium, fix nitrogen, and for the plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, ACC deaminase, and acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone). 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the isolates could be classified into 12 genera, including Burkholderia, Paraburkholderia, Caballeronia, Cupriavidus, Dyella, Pseudomonas, Silvania, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Raoultella, Pantoea and Bacillus. Among these, Burkholderia was the dominant genus, comprising 40 strains (66.67%). Pot experiments with rubber seedlings demonstrated that the strain Enterobacter sp. SYK24 exhibited significant growth-promoting effects, with increases in whole plant fresh weight, aboveground dry weight, belowground dry weight and root length by 12.89%, 23.24%, 22.81% and 28.30%, respectively, compared to the control. The SYK24 treatment showed 5.01% and 18.98% reductions in total phosphorus and available potassium, respectively, compared to the control, while no statistically significant differences were observed in other soil nutrient contents. The strain Burkholderia sp. SYN37 did not promote biomass growth in rubber seedlings during the experimental period. SYN37 inoculation substantially depleted soil nutrients, resulting in reductions of soil organic matter by 31.39%, total nitrogen by 22.73%, and available potassium by 13.03% compared to the control. This study preliminarily established a small-scale functional bacterial strain library from the rhizosphere of super high-yield rubber trees, validated the growth-promoting effects of two functional strains through pot experiments, and would provide a scientific basis for the further development and application of microbial inoculants specifically tailored for rubber trees.