Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze is a seawater vegetable with strong tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Plant thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are involved in various biological and abiotic stress responses. In order to elucidate the possible roles of a T. tetragonoides thaumatin-like protein gene (TtTLP11) in abiotic stress resistance, we cloned this gene and performed transgenic over-expression assay in Arabidopsis thaliana, then the homozygotic transgenic lines were obtained and performed subsequent analysis for stresses tolerance. In this study, the seeds from transgenic plants over-expressing TtTLP11 and wild type Arabidopsis plants were challenged with high salinity, high osmotic stress, heat and mixed salt-alkali stresses, by detecting the seed germinating rates, seedling growth status, thereby assessing the stress resistance of these transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The purpose of this study was to clarify the abiotic stress resistance functions of the TtTLP11 and the possible molecular mechanisms. The results showed that under various abiotic stress conditions, the over-expression of TtTLP11 could alleviate the inhibition effects of seed germination and relieve the environmental damage to seedlings, thereby improving the abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic plants. It is speculated that TtTLP11 might alleviate dramatic changes in osmotic pressure in plants and maintain water homeostasis, and then affect the stress tolerance of plants. The results could provide a theoretical basis for further analysis of the molecular regulatory network of plant response to alleviate abiotic stress damage.

It was aimed to understand the nutrient contents in soil and the characteristics of ecological stoichiometry in the main coffee producing areas of Yunnan Province, Baoshan, Pu'er, and Xishuangbanna. The nutrient content and ecological stoichiometry of both coffee soil and leaves were assessed, thereby enhancing our understanding of the interplay between crops and soil elements while also revealing the status of soil nutrient limitations. Among the regions studied, the C content in Baoshan soil was significantly lower than that of Xishuangbanna (P<0.05), and C/N ratio in Baoshan soil was notably lower than that of Xishuangbanna and Pu'er, while N/P ratio in Baoshan was significantly higher than that of Pu'er coffee. The C content of coffee leaves in Pu'er was more than that of both Baoshan and Xishuangbanna significantly. There were obvious differences in C content and C/N ratios among the leaves from the regions (P<0.01). Leaf N/P threshold analysis indicated that Pu'er coffee had an N/P ratio ranging between 14 and 16, suggesting growth constraints due to both N and P elements, while leaf N/P ratio exceeded 16 for Baoshan and Xishuangbanna coffees, indicating a restriction primarily by phosphorus. Correlation analyses revealed a highly significant positive correlation between C and N levels within coffee soils (P<0.01). Moreover, significant positive correlations were observed between leaf C with C/N ratio and C/P ratio (P<0.01), alongside a notable positive correlation between leaf carbon content and soil nitrogen levels (P<0.01). The results indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus were the limiting factors for Pu'er coffee cultivation and applying nitrogen and phosphorus in production is advisable. In contrast, phosphorus was the primary limiting factor for both Baoshan's and Xishuangbanna's coffees production, therefore, appropriate application of phosphorus should be recommended.

40 newly developed domestic sugarcane varieties (lines) were used to screen sugarcane varieties with strong cold tolerance and excellent comprehensive traits in Quanzhou county, Guangxi. The results indicated that the value of plant height, stem diameter, millable stalk number, single stalk weight and cane yield of plant crop were higher than those in ratoon crop under natural low temperature conditions, with extremely significant difference observed in plant height, single stalk weight, and cane yield between plant crop and ratoon crop. There were significant or highly significant difference in plant height, stem diameter, millable stalk number, single stalk weight and cane yield among different varieties. Field brix, sucrose content and purity of plant crop and ratoon crop exhibited an ascending trend before the arrival of the first strong low-temperature weather, afterwards exhibited an declining trend. Stalk length damage rate (SDR) demonstrated a progressive increase across three survey periods in both plant crop and ratoon crop, but green leaves percentage (GLP) was gradually decreasing. Plant damage rate (PDR) differed among varieties initially, while in the second and third investigation, PDR reached 100% for all varieties. GT51, GT32, GT13-532, DZ09-78, GT58 and GT52 exhibited strong cold tolerance based on the the subordinate function method. The result from maximum entropy-minimum residual composite index model demonstrated that sugar content, cane yield and millble cane number in ratoon crop ranked the top three in weight coefficients, exerting significant impacts on the comprehensive evaluation of sugarcane varieties. DZ07-36, ZT1, ZZ6, YT07-913, FN38, DZ09-78, GT55, GT51, GT52, GT42 and GT58 showed overall superior performance and are suitable for promotion in colder northern sugarcane-growing regions.

Aquilaria sinensis is the original plant of the precious traditional Chinese medicinal material known as agarwood, with a long history of medicinal application. Seeds play a crucial role in the reproduction process of A. sinensis. The seed is the recalcitrant type, with a short period of viability, cannot be dried in the sun nor stored for long periods. The quality assessment, storage, and germination of the seed are essential for obtaining high-quality seedlings. Additionally, the seed has various application beyond seedlings cultivation. Due to its rich content of various nutrients, high yield, and affordable price, it has numerous applications in medicine, food, feed, health products, and food additives. The article introduced the aspects of seed quality assessment, seed storage, seed development and germination, nutritional components, and application of A. sinensis seeds, and prospects for future research area, aiming to provide references for cultivating high-quality A. sinensis seedlings and the utilization of the seed.

Chitinase plays a crucial role in plant stress resistance and growth development. To elucidate the effects of plant hormones and environmental stress on the expression of the mustard chitinase gene, this study investigated three plant hormones-salicylic acid (SA), 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)—and the influence on the transcriptional regulation of the chitinase gene family in Brassica oleracea cv. BaiHua. Additionally, seedlings were subjected to two stress conditions: infection by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Brasiliense and exposure to high temperature. The transcriptional levels of the Chinese kale chitinase gene family members were analyzed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. Results demonstrated that among the 18 genes within the chitinase gene family of Chinese mustard, 16 exhibited significant induction under soft rot fungal infection, while 8 responded to high-temperature stress. Furthermore, all 18 genes showed responsiveness to plant hormone-induced expression. This study highlights the potential role of the chitinase gene in mediating responses to hormonal signals and environmental stress, thereby contributing to stress resistance and growth development in plants. The findings would provide valuable insights for future molecular breeding strategies targeting Chinese kale.

Coconut wood (Cocos nucifera L.), an economically significant tropical tree, exhibits variations in fiber morphology and chemical composition that directly influence its processing performance and comprehensive utilization potential. This study systematically investigated the spatial variability of fiber morphological indices (length, width, cell wall thickness, lumen diameter, aspect ratio, and cell wall-lumen ratio) and chemical components (holocellulose, cellulose, and lignin) across different trunk heights (bottom, middle, top) and radial positions (outer, middle, inner) in 40-year-old coconut trees from Hainan. The analyses were conducted using wood microscopy, image analysis software, and chemical assays. Fiber length (696.84–969.94 μm), cell wall thickness (9.78–18.36 μm), and cell wall-lumen ratio (1.13–5.82) decreased significantly from the bottom to the top, while lumen diameter (3.60–10.15 μm) increased. Fiber width (17.41–20.76 μm) and aspect ratio (40.39–48.79) showed minor variations but exhibited an overall downward trend with increasing height. Fiber length, cell wall thickness, and cell wall-lumen ratio decreased from the outer to inner regions, whereas lumen diameter increased. Chemical analysis indicated decreasing trends for holocellulose (59.14%–70.32%) and cellulose (41.03%–44.85%) content along both vertical and radial gradients, while lignin (21.40%–23.60%) initially decreased and then increased vertically, with higher inner-region content. The study identified superior fiber morphology (longer fibers, thicker cell walls, smaller lumen diameters) and higher holocellulose and cellulose content in the bottom and outer regions. Compared to bamboo, coconut fibers are thicker, with thicker cell walls and smaller lumens but lower aspect ratio, making them particularly suitable for medium-to-short fiber pulping processes. This research elucidates the spatial variation mechanisms of coconut wood fiber morphology and chemical composition, could providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing pulping, fiberboard manufacturing, and bioenergy applications, Such insights can enhance resource utilization efficiency and support sustainable development in tropical timber industries.

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are crucial functional proteins in plants responding to stress, exhibiting multiple biological roles in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This article systematically reviewed recent advances in PR protein research in rubber trees, with emphasis on the functional characteristics in stress resistance mechanisms, laticifer plugging, and allergenicity, while highlighting the critical relationship between PR proteins and laticifer plugging. PR proteins participate in defense responses against stresses through complex molecular networks, potentially influencing latex yield via laticifer plugging processes. Some PR proteins exhibit strong allergenic properties. Although transgenic studies of PR proteins have achieved preliminary progress, further optimization of expression regulation strategies is required to balance stress resistance, yield, and allergenicity. Future research should prioritize elucidating the mechanistic roles of PR proteins, especially investigating how the expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (particularly chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases) correlate with rubber productivity. Concurrently, functional exploration of understudied PR protein categories like PR-14 warrants attention. Developing precise molecular breeding technologies based on these findings will provide both theoretical foundations and technical support for rubber tree variety improvement.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a virus that can infect various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Two efficient detection methods for CMV in orchids, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) were developed in the study. For RT-qPCR, a TaqMan probe-based assay was designed using conserved regions of the coat protein (cp) gene, with a cloned cp plasmid serving as the standard for calibration curve construction. For RT-LAMP, specific inner and outer primers were designed based on the cp gene conserved sequences too. Both methods specificity detection were performed using virus RNA from CMV, Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) as templates, and for sensitivity detection was performed using 10-fold serial dilutions of CMV RNA as a template. Additionally, field-collected orchid samples were screened for CMV infection using both techniques. The CMV RT-qPCR and RT-LAMP detection methods established in this study detected only CMV-positive samples without cross-reactivity with CymMV or ORSV. The sensitivity of RT qPCR and RT LAMP was consistent with a dilution of 10⁶ times the original solution. The positive rate of CMV in field orchid samples was 26.7%. The results demonstrate that the RT-qPCR and RT-LAMP established in this study have strong specificity and high sensitivity, and are suitable for monitoring CMV infection in orchids in actual production processes.

The study established an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique for the simultaneous determination of six methoxyacrylate fungicides to clarify the possible cumulative dietary intake risk of methoxyacrylate fungicides in fresh mango. The Monte Carlo simulation and relative potency factor methods were employed to assess the cumulative risk of acute and chronic exposure to strobilurin intake from mango consumption in the targeted populations. In 126 mango samples from Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan, 3 of 6 methoxyacrylate fungicide were detected. The detection rate of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobinthe and kresoxim-methyl was 31%, 37% and 14% respectively. Picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin and fluoxastrobin in mango samples were not detected. The ratio of methoxyacrylate fungicide found in a mango sample was 22%. The ratio of 2 and 3 kinds methoxyacrylate fungicides found in a mango sample was 22% and 5%. The most common co-occurrence of methoxyacrylate fungicides was pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin. The results of dietary risk assessment showed that the risk of residual methoxyacrylate fungicides in mango ranged between 0.1% and 10.2% for acute dietary exposure and between 0.1% and 1.2% for chronic dietary exposure. The exposure was far below the thresholds of dietary risk. The study showed that the cumulative chronic and acute dietary exposure risk of methoxyacrylate fungicide residues in mango are within an acceptable range and do not pose an unacceptable risk to the health of the targeted population.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays an important role in the photosynthesis of plants and response to stress. Cassava CA gene was cloned using the cDNA of SC124 as template. The CDS length of MeCA was 1008 nt, encoding 336 amino acids. The homology was 99.70% between the cloned sequence and Manes.15G167500.1 in the database. The evolutionary tree resulted that MeCA belonged to the same branch as the AtβCA subfamily of Arabidopsis. The sequence similarity between MeCA and AtβCA1 protein reached 73.13% and contained identical motif. MeCA gene expression was the highest in functional leaves, followed in young leaves, significantly higher in fibrous roots and stems, and significantly down-regulated in shading stressed cassava leaves. In addition, the gene showed significant upregulated expression in the initial stage, and then it dropped to the control level when cassava leaves were treated with low temperature. This study created transgenic cassava with overexpression of MeCA gene, and observed that MeCA protein was localized in chloroplasts, and the contents of various chlorophyll were significantly higher in the leaves of transgenic plants than that of control. The results of yeast two-hybrid point-to-point experiments showed that MeCA protein interacted with MeH1.2. The result indicated that MeCA gene could respond to light and low temperature stresses, and maight participate in plant response to stress by affecting plant growth interacting with MeH1.2 proteins. This study would provide a new gene resource for genetic improvement of cassava resistance.