Intercropping of grains and oils, along with plastic film coverage, serves as an effective agricultural practice adapted to specific natural conditions. This practice holds significant importance in dryland agricultural production in the northern regions. The application of these measures is bound to influence the changes in the carbon cycling processes of farmland soil. However, the variations in productivity and carbon footprint under intercropping and plastic film coverage, along with the associated ecological effects, remain unclear. Totally five treatments, including maize mulching (FMM), maize without mulching (NMM), soybean monoculture (SS), maize-soybean intercropping + maize mulching (FMS), maize-soybean intercropping + maize without mulching (NMS) were set up. Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions, content of soil organic carbon, corn yield, and other factors from farmland soil under maize-soybean intercropping and plastic film coverage were evaluated. It also comprehensively assessed the impact of these practices on farmland productivity and carbon footprint through indicators, such as land productivity and carbon sustainability index. The results indicated that the relative yield of FMS treatment was increased by 57% to 60% compared with that of monoculture treatment, with a land equivalent ratio of 1.08 over the past two years, effectively enhancing farmland productivity. Simultaneously, the soil organic carbon loss in the FMS treatment was reduced by 7.8% to 46.57% compared with that of other treatments. It exhibited the lowest carbon footprint per unit area (CF_A), carbon footprint per unit maize equivalent yield (CF_MEEY), and carbon footprint per unit total income (CF_E), effectively preserving soil organic carbon while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby alleviating environmental burdens and carbon emissions. Although FMS treatment reduced some crop yield and economic benefits compared with monoculture systems, it demonstrated relatively lower soil greenhouse gas emissions and organic carbon loss during the production process. It also had a higher carbon sustainability index compared with NMS treatment, achieving effective management of soil carbon emissions. FMS as an environmentally friendly planting model, it can realize low carbon and high yield, thus providing guidance for agricultural producers in selecting suitable planting systems.

In order to optimize the irrigation system of tomato under film drip irrigation in solar greenhouse in Northwest China, two experiments in spring and autumn in 2023 were conducted, four irrigation amounts (W1: 125% ET_c, W2: 100% ET_c, W3: 75% ET_c, W4: 50% ET_c, ET_c is crop evapotranspiration) and three irrigation frequencies (D1: every 4 days, D2: every 7 days, D3: every 10 days) were set, and the effects of irrigation amount and irrigation frequency on soil moisture content distribution, root architecture, photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics, yield quality and water productivity of tomatoes were systematically evaluated. The results showed that irrigation amount and irrigation frequency had significant effects on root architecture, photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics, yield quality and water productivity (P<0.05). High-frequency irrigation (D1) significantly increased the soil water content in the 0~60 cm soil layer, and the soil moisture content in autumn was higher than that in spring. Appropriately increasing irrigation amount and high-frequency irrigation was beneficial to the growth of tomato roots, improving the photosynthetic fluorescence parameters of tomato leaves, and thus promoting the improvement of photosynthetic efficiency. The total root length and root surface area of W2D1 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments (P<0.05), while excessive irrigation was not conducive to root growth. The net photosynthetic rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of the photosystem, actual photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ and relative content of leaf chlorophyll in the W2D1 treatment were maximized. Appropriately increasing irrigation amount and high-frequency irrigation could increase yield (5.74%~57.78%). High-frequency irrigation could improve water productivity, increase soluble solids content, vitamin C content, soluble sugar content, and titratable acid content in tomato fruits, thereby improving tomato quality. A comprehensive evaluation of underground root characteristics, leaf photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, yield and quality, and water productivity by using the TOPSIS multi-objective comprehensive evaluation method revealed that the W2D1 treatment had the highest relative similarity in comprehensive indicators, resulting in the optimal comprehensive evaluation. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the formulation of efficient water-saving irrigation system for greenhouse tomatoes under mulched drip irrigation in Northwest China.

Aiming to investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer with topdressing on growth and osmoregulatory substances in peanut under mulched drip irrigation, a split-plot experiment was conducted at the Aerxiang Irrigation Experimental Station in Liaoning Province from May to October in 2023 and 2024. The effects of different nitrogen application modes (N0, no nitrogen; N1, 25% nitrogen reduction with single application; SN1, 25% nitrogen reduction with three times application; and N2, conventional nitrogen rate with single application) on main stem height, root morphology, osmoregulatory substances, yield, and water use efficiency of peanuts under mulched drip irrigation (I_MDI) and drip irrigation (I_CK) were analyzed. Results indicated that in 2023 and 2024, the I_MDI treatment consistently exhibited greater main stem height than I_CK treatment across all nitrogen modes. SN1 obtained the highest main stem height, and followed by N2 and N1, N0 had the lowest main stem height. During the flowering and pod setting stage, the I_MDISN1 treatment achieved the optimal root morphology. In 2023, at the flowering stage, compared with I_MDIN1 and I_MDIN2 treatments, the I_MDISN1 treatment increased root length by 43.9% and 36.6%, respectively. In 2024, at the flowering stage, compared with the I_MDIN1 and I_MDIN2 treatments, the I_MDISN1 treatment enhanced root surface area by 52.2% and 17.3%, and root volume by 49.5% and 25.0%, respectively. Compared with the I_CKN2 treatment, the I_MDISN1 treatment increased root length and root volume by 41.8% and 45.5%, respectively. Under drought stress, SN1 treatment had the highest proline content, and followed by N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest proline content. During the pod setting stage in 2024, compared with the I_MDIN1 and I_MDIN2 treatments, the I_MDISN1 treatment increased proline content by 18.1% and 34.8%, respectively. During the pod setting stage in 2024, the N2 treatment had the highest soluble protein content and followed by the SN1 and N1 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble protein content, the I_MDIN2 treatment had 27.4% and 40.6% higher soluble protein content than the I_MDISN1 and I_MDIN1 treatments, respectively. During the flowering stage in 2024, the SN1 treatment obtained the highest soluble sugar content, and followed by the N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble sugar content, compared with the I_MDIN1 and I_MDIN2 treatments, the I_MDISN1 treatment increased soluble sugar content by 30.3% and 40.0%, respectively. The I_MDI treatment had higher peanut yield than the I_CK treatment, but the I_MDISN1 treatment had similar peanut yield with I_CKN2 treatment. Compared with the I_CKN2 treatment, the I_MDISN1 treatment increased water use efficiency by 32.3% (2023) and 41.1% (2024), respectively. Thus, reducing nitrogen rate by 25% with three split applications under mulched drip irrigation (I_MDISN1) could improve water and nitrogen utilization, enhance osmoregulation during the critical water requirement stages, and ultimately promote peanut yield. These findings could provide theoretical basis for water-saving and nitrogen reduction in peanut production in sandy regions.

In the spring (April), summer (July), and autumn (October) of 2019 and 2021, samples were collected six times from 99 points in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River Basin. These 99 points were categorized into eight hydrological networks: the main stream of the Yellow River (S1), Qingshui River (S2), Kushui River (S3), drainage ditch on the north bank of the Yellow River in the Weining section (S4), drainage ditch on the south bank of the Yellow River in the Weining section (S5), drainage ditch on the west bank of the Yellow River in the Qingshi section (S6), drainage ditch on the east bank of the Yellow River in the Qingshi section (S7), and urban landscape rivers and lakes (S8). The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of fluorine in sediments were analyzed, the ecological risk of sedimentary fluorine was evaluated, and its impact on fluorine pollution in surface water was discussed. The results showed that the average contents of water-soluble fluorine (Ws-F), exchangeable fluorine (Ex-F), total fluorine (T-F) in sediments from the Ningxia section of the Yellow River Basin were 9.42 mg/kg, 3.23 mg/kg, and 517 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation results of ER_bc and ER_bf can better reflect the actual ecological risk. The contents of Ws-F, Ex-F, and T-F in the sediments of S3, S2 and S7 and the ecological risk of fluorine were all high, while those of S1 were low. Ws-F was an important factor that directly affected the F^- content in surface water. T-F indirectly affected the F^- content of surface water by transforming into Ws-F. The strong release capacity of fluoride in sediments of S3, S2 and S7 promoted the increase of fluoride content in surface water, which should be taken as the key control area. The dilution effect of S1 and the weak release ability of fluoride in sediments of S6 reduced the fluoride content in surface water.

An indoor and a field experiment were conducted to study the water-stable large aggregates, soil organic carbon content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, hydrogen isotope distribution, physiological characteristics of wheat photosynthesis and water utilization under long-term application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, thus ascertaining soil moisture distribution and water use mechanism of long-term application of organic fertilizer. The results showed that the organic fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of soil macro-aggregate, soil organic carbon content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and thus led to the high stability of soil structure. The abundance of hydrogen and oxygen decreased gradually with the deepening of the soil layer. In the jointing period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~60 cm soil layer, and the yield of organic fertilizer mainly used the water of 0~20 cm soil layer, while the contribution rate of soil moisture of 0~20 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of other soil layers, reaching more than 50%. In the heading period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~20 cm soil layer, and the contribution rate of soil moisture in this soil layer was still more than 50%. In the filling period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~20 cm soil layer. The long-term application of organic fertilizer mainly used the water in 20~40 cm soil layer, and its contribution rate reached 50.2%. With the advancement of wheat growth period, the soil water storage decreased gradually. Long-term application of organic fertilizer was more conducive to reducing the ineffective loss of soil water in the early stage of wheat growth, which improved the soil water storage, and then promoted the supply of water in the late stage of wheat growth. Compared with application of chemical fertilizer, long-term application of organic fertilizer was more conducive to improving the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity and leaf water use efficiency of wheat in different growth periods. With the advancement of wheat growth period, its above-ground biomass gradually increased and above-ground biomass of organic fertilizer was higher than that of chemical fertilizer. Ultimately, long-term application of organic carbon content significantly improved wheat yield and water use efficiency. Corcorrelation analysis showed that the water supply of 40~60 cm and 80~100 cm soil layers at jointing stage, and 20~80 cm soil layer at filling stage of wheat were more conducive to improving wheat yield, while soil supply of 40~60 cm, 80~100 cm at jointing stage, 60~100 cm at heading stage, and 80~100 cm at filling stage of wheat were more favorable to improve the water use efficiency. It concluded that the long-term application of organic fertilizer improved the soil structure, enhanced the storage, conservation and utilization capacity of precipitation in the soil, improved the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of wheat, and promoted the increase of yield and water saving and efficiency.

In order to address the problems of tailwater treatment in fishpond aquaculture in the Ningxia region and the scarcity of water resources in rice-crab co-culture systems, the bacterial community structure and soil environmental factors of a fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture model (RS) were compared and contrasted with the traditional Yellow River-irrigated rice-crab co-culture model (CK) as control. The primary environmental factors influencing alterations in the organization of the bacterial population were also identified. The composition and structural variations of soil bacterial communities under both CK and RS models from April to August were examined, together with their associations with soil physicochemical markers, using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing techniques. The findings demonstrated that the RS model changed the species richness of soil bacteria while decreasing soil pH value and raising ammonium nitrogen and accessible phosphorus levels. The greatest Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices appeared in April, while the lowest appeared in May. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes were the most prevalent bacterial phyla from April to August, with Pseudomonas being the most prevalent genus. The cumulative relative abundance of Pseudomonas was decreased by 7.61 percentage points, Thiobacillus was increased by 4.94 percentage points, and Unspecified_Bacteria was increased by 1.83 percentage points as compared with the CK model; changes in other taxa were within ±1 percentage point. Redundancy analysis showed that the most important variables influencing the top ten bacterial phyla were pH value, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total potassium, and organic matter concentration. Total potassium exhibited the highest explanatory power (23.67%) among them, exhibiting negative relationships with other phyla and positive correlations with Proteobacteria. In general, the top ten phyla showed a positive correlation with nitrate nitrogen concentration. As a result, the fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture paradigm optimized the makeup of the bacterial community, boosted bacterial species diversity, and greatly improved soil environmental conditions and structure.

This Meta-analysis integrated 102 published domestic and international studies on biochar and humic acid application from 2019 to 2024. It examined their effects on crop yield and physicochemical-biological indicators of the 0~20 cm soil layer across three dimensions: application type (X₁), application rate (X₂), and application duration (X₃). Results indicated that biochar and humic acid application significantly increased crop yield, soil pH value, porosity, total nitrogen content, organic matter content, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (P<0.01), while significantly reducing bulk density, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus content, and urease activity. The BRT model revealed the contribution order of factors as X₂>X₃>X₁. The most pronounced yield increase occurred at application rates exceeding 40 t/hm² and application durations exceeding 4 years, with respective yield increases of 20.43% and 18.4%. Application rates of 0~20 t/hm² significantly increased available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, urease content, and catalase activity by 28.29%, 10.01%, 12.37%, and 2.69%, respectively. Application rates of 20~40 t/hm² increased pH value (3.77%) and nitrate nitrogen content (47.85%); application rates exceeding 40 t/hm² significantly reduced bulk density (8.66%), while increasing porosity (15.75%), total nitrogen content (20.31%), and organic matter content (40.51%). Application duration of 0~2 years significantly reduced electrical conductivity (17.92%) and ammonium nitrogen (2.70%), but increased soil organic matter content (33.60%), available phosphorus content (26.07%), nitrate nitrogen content (6.88%), and catalase activity (4.51%); Application duration of 2~4 years increased soil pH value (16.80%), porosity (4.92%), and urease activity (17.43%); Application periods exceeding 4 years significantly increased alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (22.89%) and total nitrogen content (22.49%)(P<0.05). The research quantitatively identified optimal application strategies for biochar and humic acid, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing their agricultural applications and practical guidance for farmland soil improvement.

High-throughput sequencing technology, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), neutral community model (NCM) and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to analyze sediment physicochemical properties, bacterial structural features, community assembly, and driving mechanisms in order to examine the bacterial community structure characteristics and community assembly processes of sediments in the Second Drainage Channel of Yinchuan City. The findings indicated that whereas total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) concentrations did not substantially correlate with α-diversity indices, electrical conductivity (EC) did considerably positively correlate with Chao1, Observed, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices. Thiobacillus, Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17, and Dechloromonas were the major genera in the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota. Results from PER-SIMPER, DNCI, and the NCM model consistently showed that stochastic processes dominated the bacterial community assembly between August 2021 and August 2022. EC, NH₄-N, and total phosphorus (TP) were the main drivers of the neutrality model's stochasticity (R²) and the stability of the co-occurrence network structure, according to SEM analysis. Co-occurrence network stability was specifically directly and significantly impacted negatively by EC (r=-0.369) and positively by TP (r=0.504). The research revealed the bacterial assembly methods, co-occurrence network topology, and the driving impacts of physicochemical parameters on R² and network stability, in addition to advancing the understanding of structure characteristics of bacterial communities in aquatic sediments.

In order to improve the performance and accuracy of discrete element method simulation optimization in the processes of blanking, conveying, and mechanical spreading of the shrimp feed pellet, the intrinsic parameters of the shrimp feed pellet, the contact parameters between feed, the contact parameters between feed and equipment were systematically calibrated. Taking Tongwei's columnar sinking shrimp feed pellet as research object, the DEM simulation parameters of the shrimp feed pellet were calibrated by combining physical and simulation experiments. Firstly, by using the physical test method, the density, Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus and shear modulus of the shrimp pelleted feed were measured to be 1 177.68 kg/m³, 0.26, 114.77 MPa and 45.58 MPa, respectively through instruments such as high precision digital calipers, electronic balances and pressure testing machines. Through inclined plane method and rebound method, the static friction coefficient, rolling friction coefficient, and restitution coefficient between the shrimp feed pellet and 304 stainless steel were determined to be 0.607, 0.097 and 0.35, respectively. The average stacking angle of the shrimp feed pellet was found to be 26.93°, and the feed's area coverage on a steel plate was 13.32% through stacking tests. Secondly, based on the Plackett-Burman experiment, the factors significantly affecting the physical stacking angle and area proportion were screened out to be the static friction coefficient between feed, the rolling friction coefficient between feed, and the static friction coefficient between feed and 304 stainless steel. Based on this foundation, the steepest ascent experiment was applied to converge the optimization range, and the parameter optimization was carried out by fitting the regression equation between the significant influencing factors and the response values through the Box-Behnken Design experiment. The optimal parameters combination were obtained as follows: the static friction coefficient between feed was 0.207, the rolling friction coefficient between feed was 0.150, and the static friction coefficient between feed and 304 stainless steel was 0.607. Finally, the reliability of the parameters was verified through stacking tests and spiral blanking tests. The findings revealed that the simulated stacking test results were statistically indistinguishable from the physical counterparts, as confirmed by a double-sample t-test. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the simulated and physical tests for the discharge amount line under varying speeds was an impressive 0.997, signifying a highly consistent trend with a discrepancy in discharge amount of less than 3% across all speeds. These results underscored the reliability of the calibrated DEM parameters for shrimp pellet feed, thereby establishing a solid data foundation and scientific rationale for investigating the motion mechanisms of shrimp feed pellets and optimizing equipment designs within DEM simulations.

The traditional winemaking process of grading and storage is a crucial link that affects the quality of Chinese baijiu blending and finished wine, but the grading and storage process of Chinese baijiu are mainly relied on workers experience in traditional winemaking factories, causing difficulties in many characteristic quantification and form scientific basis for grading storage. Based on deep learning technology, a gas chromatograph was used to quantitatively detect and analyse the content of flavour components in the base wine of small-curve clear-flavoured Chinese baijiu, and a regression model for the quality grading of the base wine was established using PLSR based on the content of the components detected in the base wine, screening the first eight components that have the most significant impact on the quality grading of the base wine: ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl valerate, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl caprylate, ethylene acetal, ethyl acetate, sec-butanol, n-propanol, and then the PSO-RBF neural network-based base wine quality classification model was explored. Finally, according to the predicted outputs of the test samples, our algorithm achieved 98.6% accuracy in base wine classification, which was significantly better than the 94.3% of the traditional RBF neural network. As a result, the base wine classification grading model was successfully constructed.