This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between native Paphiopedilum germplasms in China，clarify genetic distances and coefficients of genetic similarity，providing theoretical basis for formula-ting strategies of sustainable conservation of Paphiopedilum resources.

Using 31 Paphiopedilum germplasms from China and two exotic Paphiopedilum germplasms conserved ex situ as the core experimental materials，and one Phragmipedium germplasm as the outgroup，iPBS and ISSR primers were selected to amplify the genomic DNA of the 34 germplasms. A binary raw data matrix was generated by manually scoring the amplification electrophoretograms，and multidimensional scaling analysis was performed using NTSYS-pc 2.1，with genetic diversity indexes calculated using PopGen 1.32.

The combined iPBS and ISSR molecular marker-assisted phylogenetic analysis results revealed that when the coefficient of genetic similarity was 0.37，33 Paphiopedilum germplasms were divided into five groups （I-V）. The Group I，Group II，Group III，and Group IV were corresponded to subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Brachypetalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata in classical taxonomy，and Group V was a collection of subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Pardalopetalum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Cochlopetalum. The genetic diversity at species level of Paphiopedilum germplasms ［iPBS molecular marker：effective number of alleles （Ne） was 1.5969，expected heterozygosity （He） was 0.3492，Shannon diversity information index （I） was 0.5210；ISSR molecular marker：Ne was 1.5515，He was 0.3340，and I was 0.5068］ was obviously higher than that at group level （iPBS molecular marker：Ne was 1.4274，He was0.2730，and I was 0.4292；ISSR molecular marker：Ne was 1.3733，He was 0.2492，and I was 0.4027）. This revealed that Paphiopedilum plants showed marked genetic differentiation at species level，forming multiple distinct genetic groups，as subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，andsubg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata exhibiting the top three genetic diversity among groups. Genetic differentiation was found between groups of Paphiopedilum，but the overall genetic similarity remained high. Analysis results based on iPBS molecular markers showed that subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata shared the closest relationship，while subg. Brachypetalum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata shared the farthest relationship；analysis results based on ISSR molecular markers showed that the collection of Paphiopedilum sect. Pardalopetalum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Cochlopetalum had the closest relationship with subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata，while subg. Parvisepalum and subg. Brachypetalum shared the farthest relationship.

Paphiopedilum germplasms in China are primarily distributed across five groups：subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Brachypetalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata，and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Pardalopetalum，among which the three groups （subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，andsubg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata） show high genetic diversity level. Obvious genetic differentiation is found between Paphiopedilum groups，implying that the groups have undergone long-term genetic isolation or possess distinct regional adaptations.

This study aimed to establish a hypoxia stress model for Pelteobagrus vachelli，clarify the response mechanism of related genes in the gill tissue to hypoxia stress，providing data support for further exploration of its gill tissue hypoxia adaptive regulation and theoretical basis for screening highly adaptive populations of Pelteobagrus vachelli.

One-year-old Pelteobagrus vachelli were used as research subjects，and three treatment groups were set ［control group （C：dissolved oxygen content of 6.50 ± 0.10 mg/L），hypoxia group （H：dissolved oxygen content of 0.75 ± 0.10 mg/L，6 h），and recovery group （R：dissolved oxygen content of 6.50 ± 0.10 mg/L，6 h）］. Gill tissue samples were collected to extract RNA，and differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were screened by transcriptome sequencing. GO functional annotation analysis and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed，and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for verification.

The results showed that raw data of 57.72 Gb were detected through sequencing nine samples from Group C，Group H，and Group R. According to the reference genome，a total of 22116 genes were annotated and 1824 new genes were found. For the Group C vs Group H，554 DEGs were detected，in which 270 were up-regulated and 284 were down-regulated；for the Group C vs Group R，42 DEGs were detected，in which 12 were up-regulated and 30 were down-regulated；for the Group H vs Group R，993 DEGs were detected，in which 470 were up-regulated and 523 were down-regulated. DEGs were mainly annotated to GO functional items such as cellular process，single-organism process，metabolic process，binding，catalytic activity，nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity，signal transducer activity，cell part，membrane，and cell. KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis found that DEGs were mainly enriched in signaling pathways such as breast cancer，pathways in cancer，basal cell carcinoma，cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction，chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adducts，and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection results showed that the expression trends of partial DEGs between groups were overall consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results.

Hypoxia stress inhibits the cell proliferation and signaling pathways of Pelteobagrus vachelli to some extent，lea-ding to inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaerobic respiration activation，and gill tissue up-regulates expression of glycometabolism gene to promote glucose breakdown to produce energy. Activation of the glycolytic pathway leads to pyruvate accumulation，meanwhile，pyruvate kinase expression is inhibited at the transcriptional level，accompanied by a partial activation of gluconeogenesis pathway. Changes in heat shock protein gene expression may counteract hypoxic stress by inhibiting the autophagy pathway to reduce energy consumption.

This study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of liver metabolism of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress，so as to provide theoretical basis for enhancing environmental adaptability of Gymnocypris przewalskii after artificial proliferation and release and improving resource contribution rate.

Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） was employed to profile the liver metabolomic changes in juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii exposed to different salinity （10‰，15‰，and 20‰），with individuals under 5‰ salinity stress as control group. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to screen differential metabolites and identify key metabolic pathways.

The survival rate statistics showed that juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii maintained a survival rate ≥ 96% within 48 h of 5‰，10‰，and 15‰ salinity stresses，exhibiting robust tolerance，whereas all individuals died within 48 h of 20‰ salinity stress，suggesting that this salinity exceeded their tolerance limit. Principal component analysis （PCA） revealed that a clear separation in metabolic profiles between each salinity stress group and control group，with the separation degree of samples at the first and the second principal components intensifying as salinity increased. Within the tolerable salinity range （10‰-15‰），the metabolic pathways included biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids，glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism，glycerophospholipid metabolism，choline metabolism in cancer，pyruvate metabolism，vitamin B6 metabolism，propanoate metabolism，and arginine and proline metabolism in liver of Gymnocypris przewalskii were significantly enriched （P<0.05，same below）. Under 20‰ salinity stress，the pathways included protein digestion and absorption，aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis，central carbon metabolism in cancer，biotin metabolism，carbon metabolism，pyruvate metabolism，and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism significantly enriched.

Gymnocypris przewalskii exhibits a clear metabolic threshold dependence in response to salt stress. Within the tolerable salinity，the organism primarily employs active regulation to maintain homeostasis through remode-ling lipid，energy，and amino acid metabolism；once the threshold is exceeded，the organism is forced to activate glutathione-centered antioxidant defense，accompanied by concurrent purine metabolic disturbances. Under extreme stress，Gymnocypris przewalskii faces a metabolic trade-off dilemma between “homeostasis maintenance and stress defense”.

This study aimed to systematically reveal the distribution patterns of repeat sequences in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis and analyze the functional annotations，providing sequence resources for developing microsatellite molecular markers with potential functional implications and exploring genetic breeding.

Based on the whole-genome sequences of Cynoglossus semilaevis，the microsatellite repeat sequences in genome were screened by bioinformatic methods. GO functional annotation and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on genes associated with microsatellites in exonic regions.

A total of 473776 microsatellite loci belonging to six base repeat types were identified in the Cynoglossus semilaevis genome，accounting for 1.62% of the total genome length；the number of microsatellites decreased with the increase in the base number of repeat units，and mononucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellites accounted for 84.85% of all microsatellites，with a significant positive correlation between chromosome length and number of contained microsatellites （P<0.05，the same below）. Among different repeat motif types in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis，the A/T motif was the most abundant in mononucleotide repeats，and the AC/GT motif was the most abundant in dinucleotide repeats，and the numbers of each type of microsatellite decreased with the increase of motif repeat times. The significantly enriched GO functional terms of genes containing microsatellites in genomic exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis were regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and protein phosphorylation. The KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis results showed that the significantly enriched signaling pathways for genes containing microsatellites in genomic exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis included starch and sucrose metabolism within the metabolism category and necroptosis within the cellular process，followed by the tight junction within the cellular process.

Genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis are mainly composed of mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats，and a significant positive correlation is found between the number of microsatellites and chromosome length，with the number decreasing as motif repeat number rises. Microsatellites in exonic regions are significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with transcriptional regulation，energy metabolism，and immune response，and they probably participate in the adaptive regulation of Cynoglossus semilaevis under environmental stresses such as hypoxia.

This study aimed to clarify the histological characteristics and cellular composition of major immune organs of Acipenser dabryanus，a rare and endangered fish species endemic to China，laying theoretical foundation for disease control and health management of this species.

Artificially bred F₂ generation of Acipenser dabryanus were used as experimental subjects. Gross anatomy was performed to determine anatomical locations of major immune organs （spleen，head kidney，and thymus）. Histological sectioning techniques ［hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining，Masson staining，and modified Gomori ammoniacal silver staining］，combined with transmission electron microscope，were used to observe histological characteristics and cellular ultrastructure of spleen，head kidney，and thymus.

The spleen surface of Acipenser dabryanus was covered by an uneven smooth muscle layer，whereas no trabecular structures extending from capsule into the spleen parenchyma were observed. The mesothelial cells in outer capsule layer exhi-bited two morphological forms （squamous and nearly round）. The spleen parenchyma exhibited an interwoven distribution of white pulp and red pulp，with a highly developed vascular system and numerous lymphocytes，nucleated erythrocytes，and melanomacrophages distributed throughout. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed abundant immune effector cells，including lymphocytes，macrophages，and granulocytes in the spleen tissue. Phagosomes were observed in macrophages，indicating that the spleen was involved in blood filtration and non-specific immune functions. The head kidney was located at the anterior end of the kidney and symmetrically distributed as left and right lobes，with absent nephrons and loss of excretory function. Masson staining and modified Gomori ammoniacal silver staining showed that reticular cells，endothelial cells，interwoven reticular fibers，and collagen fibers formed a three-dimensional supporting framework in head kidney tissue，providing an essential microenvironment for the development and differentiation of various immune cells. Lymphocytes，macrophages，and eosinophils with densely distributed elongated or rod-shaped specific granules in cytoplasm were observed in head kidney tissue that functioned as a major lymphoid organ of Acipenser dabryanus with both hematopoietic and immune functions. The thymus of juvenile Acipenser dabryanus was located within the connective tissue in posterior dorsal region of the branchial cavity，adjacent to the gill tissue，making routine non-destructive isolation difficult. In 30-day-old juveniles，the thymic parenchyma showed a relatively uniform internal structure，with no obvious division between the cortex and medulla or between the inner and outer regions. The free margin of thymus was covered by a continuous epithelial cell layer composed of squamous epithelial cells and some columnar epithelial cells，which mainly served as a physical barrier. Many deeply stained thymocytes were densely distributed within the thymus parenchyma. Irregular reticuloendothelial cells were scattered among thymocytes，and together they formed a stromal network supporting the proliferation and maturation of T lymphocytes.

The spleen，head kidney，and thymus of Acipenser dabryanus are distinctive in tissue structures，with clear functional divisions. The organs constitute a well-developed immune defense network，providing a cell biological basis for resistance to pathogen invasion and maintenance of homeostasis in Acipenser dabryanus.

This study aimed to observe and analyze microstructure and ultrastructure of gill tissue in Hucho bleekeri and enrich its basic biological data，providing reference for elucidating the association between gill structure characteristics and life habits in fishes.

The F₁ generation of artificially bred Hucho bleekeri was used as the research subject. Gill tissue samples were collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 3% glutaraldehyde respectively. After paraffin embedding and sectioning，the samples were sequentially subjected to hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining，Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff （AB-PAS） staining，Masson staining，and Sirius red staining. The histological morphology，mucous cell types，and distribution and classification of collagen fibers were observed under a light microscope. Meanwhile，the ultrastructure of gill tissue was examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Hucho bleekeri possessed four pairs of gills. The gill rakers were milky-white，needle-shaped，and sparsely arranged （12-14 rakers）. The gill filaments were bright red and elongated，gradually tapering from the base toward the distal end，with the terminal portion remaining free. The gill arch was primarily composed of cartilaginous tissues and covered by stratified epithelial cells. The gill filament surface was distributed with mucous cells and chloride-secreting cells，with chondrocytes providing central support. The gill lamella consisted of respiratory epithelium and pillar epithelium，and the extended cell bodies of two adjacent pillar cells enclosed the capillary lumen，within which erythrocytes were visible. AB-PAS staining results indicated that mucous cells in gill tissue predominantly secreted neutral mucopolysaccharides （PAS-positive），accompanied by a small amount of acidic mucopolysaccharides （AB-positive）. Masson staining revealed that collagen fibers were evenly distributed in gill tissue，with a collagen fiber tissue area proportion of 0.21%-0.31% （the mean was 0.27%），and no typical lesions such as fibrosis were observed. Sirius red staining results showed that type I collagen fibers accounted for 80.00%-90.49%，type Ⅲ collagen fibers accounted for 9.51%-19.20%，and the ratio of type I/type Ⅲ collagen fibers ranged from 4.21 to 9.51. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the gill raker surface was uneven and porous；the epithelial cells of gill arches and filaments possessed dense circular microridges arranged in a fingerprintlike pattern；mucus was found on both gill filament surface and gill lamellae，but the number of pores on gill filament surface exceeded that on the gill lamellae. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the gill lamella was mainly composed of flattened epithelial cells，pillar cells，chloride-secreting cells，macrophages，erythrocytes，endothelial cells，and neutrophils in the vascular lumen. Among these，the chloride-secreting cells had an elongated oval nucleus，with the long diameter at 8.3 µm and short diameter at 5.6 µm approximately，and the cytoplasm had abundant mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The gill tissue structure in Hucho bleekeri is highly adapted to its carnivorous nature and the habitat of high altitude，low temperature，and fast-flowing freshwater. Moreover，the gill tissue of Hucho bleekeri have immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils，constituting a specific mucosal immune barrier that plays an important role in innate immune system.

This study aimed to investigate digestive tract microstructure characteristics and dietary chara-cteristics of Mastacembelus armatus，providing theoretical reference for artificial propagation and domestication，population resource conservation and restoration，and appropriate utilization of wild Mastacembelus armatus.

Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the digestive tract microstructure of Mastacembelus armatus，and DNA metabarcoding technology was utilized to analyze its dietary characteristics.

The digestive tract of Mastacembelus armatus composed of four layers：the mucosal layer，submucosa，muscular layer，and serosal layer. The longitudinal folds of the mucosal layer in the esophagus were well-developed with branches，and the surface was covered with stratified squamous epithelium，with goblet cells interspersed among the epithelial cells. The stomach was the most expanded organ of the digestive tract，with the mucosal layer protruding inward to form mucosal folds，consisting of the lamina propria and simple columnar epithelium，with no goblet cells observed. The intestinal villi were well-developed，and the fold height in the foregut was significantly higher than that in the midgut and hindgut （P<0.05）. A total of 409 species belonging to 24 phyla were identified from the stomach contents using 18S rDNA metabarcoding sequencing. At phylum level，the dominant groups were Arthropoda，Annelida，and Chlorophyta. At species level，the dominant species included Phyllomacromia nyanzana，Amynthas sp. GZ201102-03，and Macrobrachium superbum. The feeding selectivity analysis revealed that Mastacembelus armatus exhibited a strong preference for Annelida and Arthropoda，while showing a distinct avoidance tendency toward Chlorophyta，Bacillariophyta，and Gastrotricha，which were relatively abundant in the aquatic environment. No fundamental shift in the major dietary components was observed across different body length groups of Mastacembelus armatus，with Annelida and Arthropoda as the dominant groups at phylum level.

The digestive tract structure of Mastacembelus armatus exhibits typical morphological adaptations of carnivorous fish，characterized by a lubricating esophagus-expanded stomach-absorption dominated by foregut pattern. Mastacembelus armatus is a euryphagous carnivorous fish，and its feeding selection conforms to the optimal foraging theory，showing strong active selectivity for Arthropoda and Annelida at both phylum and species levels，while exhibiting avoidance toward low-trophic-level phytoplankton. With individual development，the limitations of mouth gape and energy metabolism demands drive its dietary preference to shift toward arthropod groups.

This study aimed to systematically characterize the histological structure，cellular ultrastructural features，and distribution patterns of mucous cells and club cells in dorsal，abdominal，and tail skin of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei，thereby providing histological evidence for elucidating its habitat adaptation mechanisms and supporting germplasm resource conservation.

Three healthy adult female fish were selected，and their skin tissues were collected from the dorsal，abdominal，and tail regions. The samples were examined by light microscope and transmission electron microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining （HE） and Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff staining （AB-PAS）. ImageJ was used to conduct quantitative analysis on the thickness of epidermal and dermal layers，as well as the numbers of mucous cells and club cells in the dorsal，abdominal，and tail skin.

The skin of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei was scaleless and consisted of the epidermis，dermis，and subcutaneous layer. Pigment cells were present in the dermis of dorsal and tail skin，whereas adipose tissue was abundant in the subcutaneous layer of abdominal skin. Transmission electron microscope observation results revealed that the epithelial cells in the epidermis，with numerous fingerprint-like micro-ridges on the free end of these cells；abundant desmosomal junctions were observed between epithelial cells；fibroblasts were present in the middle dermis，adjacent to densely arranged bundles of collagen fibers. Epidermis thickness was in the order of abdomen > dorsum > tail，and the dermis thickness of dorsal and abdominal skin was significantly greater than that of the caudal skin （P<0.05，the same below），with only a slight difference in thickness between the dorsal and abdominal dermis，while the caudal dermis was the thinnest. Mucous cells were mainly distributed in the superficial epidermis and were dominated by type III mucous cells，with a small number of type II and type IV mucous cells also observed. The number of mucous cells in the dorsal skin was significantly higher than that in the abdominal and tail skin. No significant difference was observed in the number of club cells among the skin at different parts of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei （P>0.05）.

The scaleless skin of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei contributes to the establishment of a physical barrier and chemical defense system adapted to torrent gravel habitat through coordinated features including epidermal thickening，predominance of type III mucous cells，and relatively uniform distribution of club cells. Differences in skin structure and cellular distribution in different parts of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei reflect functional responses to differential external stresses，such as hydraulic impact and substrate abrasion.

This study aimed to observe the normal morphological structure of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri，compare differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility，and reveal the intrinsic association between gamete ultrastructure damage and decreased motility in Hucho bleekeri，providing theoretical basis for optimizing its artificial breeding techniques.

Sexually mature female and male Hucho bleekeri reared under artificial culture conditions were used as research subjects. The morphological structure of normal eggs and sperms in Hucho bleekeri was observed through histological analysis with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Meanwhile，the differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility were compared using the sperm motility detection system.

In normal eggs of Hucho bleekeri，the nuclear membrane was dissolved，the nucleoli completely disappeared，and vacuoles distributed close to egg membrane. The egg membrane surface was smooth，the pores were uniform in size，the vestibular region of micropyle was flat，and the micropylar canal was relatively deep，belonging to type II. The structure of normal sperms in Hucho bleekeri was of flagellate type，consisting of three parts （head，midpiece，and tail）. The head was elliptical or nearly rounded，without acrosomal structure，and intranuclear space （nuclear vacuole） was visible within the nucleus，with granular or homogeneous chromatins. The midpiece （neck） was short，consisting mainly of the centriolar complex and sleeve. The tail （flagellum） was slender and smooth，with the flagellar axoneme exhibiting the typical “9+2” microtubule arrangement. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms displayed irregular head contours that were shrunken and collapsed，with an inconspicuous midpiece connecting structure，and the flagella were commonly broken and missing，unable to maintain normal morphology；highly motile sperms exhibited intact structure morphology，with plump ovoid heads，a tightly connected midpiece，slender flagella without obvious damage，and clear structures in all parts. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that in immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms，the mitochondrial structure was disrupted，the membranes were swollen，enlarged，and ruptured，and the internal electron density of mitochondria was decreased，with a wrinkled and uneven head surface，disrupted or disappeared nuclear membrane，and loose and even disintegrated chromatins；in highly motile sperms，the cytoplasm was dense，uniform，and compact，and the plasma membrane was intact with normal structure.

The oolemma of normal eggs in Hucho bleekeri is smooth，and the micropyle belongs to type II，with nucleoli completely disappeared and vacuoles distributed adjacent to egg membrane；normal sperms consist of three parts：the head，midpiece，and flagellum，exhibiting the typical acrosome-free structural characteristic of teleost fish，with the flagellar axoneme in a “9+2” microtubule arrangement. The structure integrity and maturity of the plasma membranes，nuclear membranes，mitochondria，and flagellar structure are directly associated with sperm motility in Hucho bleekeri，serving as key morphological indicators for evaluating semen quality and optimizing artificial breeding techniques.

This study aimed to perform prokaryotic expression，purification，and subcellular localization of the lipid transfer protein （OsLTPL108） of rice grain shape regulation，providing theoretical reference for elucidating its biological functions and its molecular mechanism of grain shape regulation.

The OsLTPL108 gene coding sequence （CDS） was obtained from the UniProt database，and primers were designed for PCR amplification. The amplification product was detected by electrophoresis and sequencing. Bioinformatic software were used to predict the physicochemical properties，transmembrane domains，signal peptides，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and subcellular localization of the encoded protein. The OsLTPL108 gene was ligated into pGEX-2T to construct the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T-OsLTPL108，which was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus（DE3）-RIPL for induced expression. The purified target protein was verified by immunoblotting. Concurrently，the subcellular localization vector pRHV-OsLTPL108-cGFP was constructed and transformed into rice protoplasts to observe its subcellular localization.

Using cDNA of rice variety Dingxiang B as the template，the amplified OsLTPL108 gene was 477 bp in length and the sequence was completely consistent with japonica rice whose accession number was LOC_Os03g14654 from the RGAP database. The OsLTPL108 gene encoded 158 amino acid residues，with its relative protein molecular mass of 15.66 kD，and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.7；amino acids 1-30 of N-terminal contained a transmembrane domain，and amino acids 31-158 constituted a soluble domain. Amino acids 1-24 of N-terminal formed a typical signal peptide sequence，suggesting the protein was a secretory one. The core region of OsLTPL108 protein （amino acids 30-120） harbored a complete non-specific LTP family domain （Pfam accession number of PF14368） composed of eight highly conserved cysteine residues. After the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T-OsLTPL108 was transformed into the prokaryotic expression system，low temperature overnight induction at 18 °C with 0.1 mmol/L IPTG resulted in a high expression of OsLTPL108 protein. A GST-OsLTPL108 protein fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 39.64 kD was successfully obtained，showing single bands without obvious non-specific bands. Protein mass spectrometry identified three specific peptides matching OsLTPL108 protein，confirming that the sequence of exogenously expressed and purified protein OsLTPL108 was correct. After the subcellular localization vector pRHV-OsLTPL108-cGFP was transformed into rice protoplasts，the green fluorescence signal of the OsLTPL108-EGFP fusion protein displayed a reticular pattern and completely overlapped with the red fluorescence signal OsHLP1-mCherry of endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein，proving that the protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in rice protoplasts.

OsLTPL108 is a secretory protein. By utilizing the solubility-enhancing GST tag，highly pure soluble fusion protein can be obtained from the prokaryotic expression system，which can be used for subsequent protein antibody preparation. The OsLTPL108 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum of rice cells，and as the endoplasmic reticulum is the main site of plant lipid synthesis，OsLTPL108 is speculated to function in lipid transport.

This study aimed to elucidate the pedigree and traits related to yield and quality of strong gluten wheat varieties bred in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，providing reference for genetic improvement of strong gluten wheat varieties in this region.

Strong gluten and medium-strong gluten wheat varieties proved by national or provincial registration in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were used as materials to analyze their genetic pedigree and contribution values of core parents，and data from regional trials were utilized to analyze their traits related to yield，quality，and diseases resistance.

From 2007 to 2023，a total of 70 strong or medium-strong gluten wheat varieties were registered in this region. The breeding methods included systematic selection，cross breeding，and recurrent selection breeding，among which cross breeding accounted for 95.6% of all developed varieties，with single-cross breeding being the predominant method （65.7%），multiple-cross breeding accounting for 25.6%，with three varie-ties developed through backcross breeding. Pedigree analysis of parents revealed that the strong gluten wheat varieties developed in Jiangsu were mainly derived from Sumai No. 6 and its derivative varieties （Zhenmai No. 9，Zhenmai No. 10，and Zhenmai 168），while those developed in Hubei were mainly derived from Zhengmai 9023 and Xinong 979. Among the superior wheat varieties developed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，medium-strong gluten varie-ties accounted for the highest proportion of 58.6%. All varieties met the strong gluten or medium-strong gluten standards in terms of grain protein content and extended area；however，12 varieties failed to meet the quality standard for stability time，five varieties failed for maximum resistance to extension，and five varieties failed to meet the first-class wheat standard for test weight. In terms of yield performance，92.9% of the varieties outyielded the control，with varying degrees of improvement in effective panicle number，kernel number per panicle，and thousand-kernel weight compared with the control. Regarding resistance to Fusarium head blight，the improvement was relatively effective，with 54.3% of varie-ties showing moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight，25.7% showing moderate to high resistance to stripe rust，2.9% showing moderate resistance to sheath blight，and 17.1% showing primary to moderate resistance to powdery mildew.

The breeding of superior strong gluten wheat in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has achieved considerable progress，with 70 high yield and superior strong gluten or medium-strong gluten wheat varieties developed. However，the problems of narrow parental sources and limited genetic basis remain，and thus the introduction and utilization of elite germplasm from other ecological regions or relatives of wheat should be strengthened. For quality improvement，more attention should be paid to the enhancement of gluten quality，and the screening of dough rheological pro-perty indicators should be reinforced. To improve the stable yield and adaptability of superior varieties，resistance to Fusarium head blight needs to be further enhanced，and particular emphasis should be placed on improving resistance to powdery mildew and sheath blight，so as to achieve the goal of superior，high-yield，and green production.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic differences in karyotypes and phenotypic traits of BC₁F₂ materials of sugarcane and Erianthus fulvus hybrids and elucidate the association between phenotypic traits and chromosome numbers，providing theoretical basis for innovation and utilization of sugarcane germplasms.

The BC₁F₁ materials 16-12 （2n=104） produced by backcrossing of sugarcane Dianzhe 01-58 （2n=100） and Erianthus fulvus （2n=20） were used for selfing to obtain 21 BC₁F₂ materials. The chromosome number counting，karyotype analysis，and phenotypic trait determination were performed to conduct correlation analysis，principal component analysis，and cluster analysis for elucidating the association between chromosome number and phenotypic traits.

The chromosome numbers of the 21 BC₁F₂ materials fell into six types，namely 2n=98，100，102，104，106，and 108. Among the 21 BC₁F₂ materials，except for 20-129 whose karyotype was 3B，the karyotypes of the other 20 BC₁F₂ materials were 2B，showing a relatively symmetrical karyotype. The majority of chromosomes had metacentric centromeres （m），while a minority possessed submetacentric centromeres （sm），with the proportion of metacentric chromosomes ranging from 57.00% to 87.25%. The coefficients of variation of phenotypic traits of BC₁F₂ materials and the parent 16-12，as well as Erianthus fulvus ranged from 9.32% to 42.59%，with an average coefficient of variation of 20.71%. Different degrees of correlations were found between seven phenotypic traits and chromosome number，and extremely significant positive correlations were found between plant height and single-stalk weight，between stalk diameter and leaf width，single-stalk weight，chromosome number，between leaf width and single-stalk weight，chromosome number，and between single-stalk weight and chromosome number （P<0.01，the same below）. Extremely significant negative correlations were observed between brix and plant height，single-stalk weight，between plant height and leaf length，and between internode length and chromosome number. Significant positive correlation was found between plant height and internode length. Significant negative correlations were observed between brix and internode length，between stem diameter and internode length，and between leaf length and single-talk weight. Principal component analysis results showed that the first three principal components exhibited cumulative contribution rate of 77.92%，with the first principal component （PC1） showing an eigenvalue of 3.11 and a contribution rate of 38.91%，and chromosome number，single-talk weight，leaf width，and stalk diame-ter were principal determination factors. Cluster analysis showed that the BC₁F₂ materials and the parents （16-12 and Erian-thus fulvus） were divided into five groups. Group I consisted of eight materials，characterized mainly by long leaves；Group II consisted of six materials，characterized mainly by wide leaves；Group III contained only one material，characterized mainly by high brix；Group IV contained seven materials，characterized mainly by greater plant height and high single-stalk weight；Group V contained only one material，Erianthus fulvus，characterized mainly by long internodes，lower stalk diameter，and low brix.

Correlations of varying degrees are found between phenotypic traits and chromosome number of BC₁F₂ materials，demonstrating that obvious genetic differences in phenotypic traits are due to different chromosome numbers of BC₁F₂ materials. These hybrid progeny materials with Erianthus fulvus genetic background can be used for subsequent sugarcane breeding.

This study aimed to map quantitative trait loci （QTL） for resistance to southern corn rust using a highly resistant maize inbred line，providing basis for elucidating molecular marker-assisted breeding and genetic regulation mechanisms of disease resistance of maize.

The F₂ population derived from a cross between the highly resistant inbred line S311 and the highly susceptible inbred line HY813，comprising 186 individuals，were genotyped using a 10K SNP chip to construct a high-density genetic linkage map. By integrating the genetic linkage map with phenotypic data，the composite interval mapping （CIM） and genome-wide composite interval mapping （GCIM） were employed to determine the positions and effects of QTLs.

The resistance to southern corn rust in the F₂ population tended to resemble that of the paternal parent S311. The disease severity was rated from 1 to 9，with skewness and kurtosis both between -1.00 and 1.00，which was consistent with the distribution characteristics of quantitative traits. A total of 3103 single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map whose total length was 3607.39 cM，and average genetic distance between markers was 1.16 cM. A total of 4 QTLs were detected using CIM，located on chromosomes 1 and 3，among which the QTL loci qSCR3-1 and qSCR3-2 on chromosome 3 had higher （logarithm of odds LOD） values，explaining 25.6% and 10.0% of phenotypic variation respectively. A total of two QTL loci，namely qSCR3-1 and qSCR3-2 on chromosome 3，were detected using GCIM，explaining 64.4% and 16.5% of phenotypic variation respectively. A total of four candidate genes associated with disease resistance，namely Zm00001d042214，Zm00001d041994，Zm00001d042013，and Zm00001d042051，were identified within the QTL loci commonly detected by both methods. After pathogen inoculation，the relative expression of Zm00001d042214，Zm00001d041994，Zm00001d042013，and Zm00001d042051 in leaves of S311 was all extremely significantly increased compared with those before inoculation （CK） （P<0.0001）. In HY813 after pathogen inoculation，however，the relative expression of Zm00001d042214 showed no significant change （P>0.05），while Zm00001d042013 was extremely significantly up-regulated compared with CK （P<0.01），and both Zm00001d041994 and Zm00001d042051 were extremely significantly up-regulated compared with CK （P<0.0001）.

In the inbred line S311，two major QTL loci （qSCR3-1 and qSCR3-2） for resistance to southern corn rust are mapped，and four candidate genes related to resistance to southern corn rust are screened within the QTL intervals，namely Zm00001d042214，Zm00001d041994，Zm00001d042013，and Zm00001d042051.

This study aimed to discover SSR loci of Anthurium andraeanum L. through transcriptome sequencing and develop polymorphic EST-SSR molecular markers，providing reliable tools for evaluating germplasm resources，constructing genetic maps，and molecular breeding in Anthurium andraeanum L.

Transcriptome sequencing of spathes of Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars of five colors using Illumina，and MISA was employed to screen SSR loci，analyze their types，frequency，and distribution characteristics. EST-SSR primers were designed using Primer 3.0. A total of 120 pairs of primers were randomly selected. After preliminary screening of three representative cultivars，PCR amplification was conducted for 22 Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars，with calculation of polymorphism information content （PIC）. Finally，the effectiveness of EST-SSR markers was validated by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） using NTSYSpc 2.10e.

Transcriptome sequencing of Anthurium andraeanum L. generated 22381 unigenes，with the total length of 34872210 bp，from which 11324 SSR loci were detected，distributed across 7705 unigenes，with an occurrence frequency of 50.60% and an average distribution distance of 3.08 kb. The predominant repeat motifs were mononucleotide （24.55%），dinucleotide （46.41%），and trinucleotide （27.69%），with the predominant nucleotide repeat type of A/T （21.59%），AG/CT （37.73%），and AC/GT （6.30%）. SSR locus lengths were primarily between 12-20 bp，with repeat numbers predominantly ranging from 5 to 12. A total of 7705 primers containing SSR loci were designed for unigenes，7456 pairs of EST-SSR primers were obtained. Polymorphic detection was performed for the 120 pairs of EST-SSR primers，in which 107 pairs successfully amplified （with the success rate of 89.17%），with 75 pairs of primers showing polymorphism. A total of 20 pairs of primers were further selected，and the DNA of 22 Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars was taken as templates for validation，yielding 16 pairs of highly polymorphic primers （PIC>0.5000）. These primers demonstrated excellent discriminatory capability for the 22 Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars that were classified into four groups，consistent with traditional morphological classification.

SSR loci of Anthurium andraeanum L. transcriptomes exhibit high abundance and polymorphism，which can be used for efficient molecular marker development. The developed EST-SSR markers show characteristics such as high polymorphism and stability，providing effective tools for germplasm evaluation，genetic map construction，and breeding assisted by molecular markers，which can facilitate genetic elucidation and cultivar improvement of major ornamental traits of Anthurium andraeanum L.

This study aimed to evaluate the breeding potential of the main cultivated sugarcane YZ0551 and YZ081609 in Yunnan and identify superior hybrid progenies，providing material and technological reference for germplasm resource utilization and new variety selection in sugarcane breeding.

A total of 437 materials from YZ0551，YZ081609，and their hybrid progenies were taken as research objects. Genetic variation analysis，correlation analysis，principal component analysis，cluster analysis，and comprehensive evaluation were performed for eight traits （six agronomic traits and two technological traits）.

The coefficients of variation of the eight traits ranged from 3.68% to 44.84%. The coefficients of variation for sugar yield and cane yield were the largest，which were 44.84% and 44.23% respectively. The genetic transmitting ability was 71.69%-104.49%，and the broad-sense heritability was 61.35%-96.72%. Correlation of different degrees was found among eight traits，among which cane yield and sugar yield had extremely significant positive correlations with single-cane weight and effective cane number （P<0.01，the same below），and cane yield had an extremely significant positive correlation with sugar yield，indicating that relationship between yield traits shall be considered comprehensively during breeding. Principal component analysis extracted yield factor 1，yield factor 2，and sugar factor，with a cumulative contribution rate of 84.966%. A total of 437 materials were divided into three groups：Group I was characterized with high yield and high sugar content，Group II had advantages in single-cane weight and cane diameter，and Group III had rich genetic variation but mediocre comprehensive performance. According to the comprehensive evaluation D value to evaluate performance of materials，the D value of the female parent YZ0551 was 0.4753，and the D value of male parent YZ081609 was 0.7102. Among the progeny materials，the number of materials with a D value greater than that of YZ0551 was 242；the number of materials with a D value greater than that of YZ081609 was four （V-315，V-317，8-292，and 8-208）；the D values of these four materials，along with other three materials （8-149，V-307，and V-309） were greater than 0.7000. The above seven materials all belonged to Group I，showing characteristics of high yield and high sugar content.

The traits of high sugar content and high yield of YZ0551 and YZ081609 are genetically stable，showing high breeding value，thus，they can be used as important parents for sugarcane breeding. The hybrid progenies of the two exhibit rich genetic variation for agronomic traits，among which V-315，V-317，8-292，8-208，8-149，V-307，and V-309 have superior comprehensive performance and can be used as parents for high yield and high sugar content. At the same time，variety comparison trials can be carried out to further breed superior new varieties. After years of field trials，the hybrid progeny 8-57 demonstrates superior characteristics of high yield，high sugar content，and lodging resistance；it is named YZ19519 and will participate in regional trials for new sugarcane varieties.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate Bougainvillea germplasm resources in the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River，providing theoretical reference for superior variety selection and new variety breeding of Bougainvillea in the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River.

A total of 18 Bougainvillea germplasms were taken as research objects to measure 11 cultivar traits and five pigment content indicators. Public scoring and grouping by color category were performed. Comprehensive evaluation of Bougainvillea germplasms was conducted based on analysis of coefficient of variation （CV），cluster analysis，correlation analysis，principal component analysis （PCA），and membership function analysis.

The 18 Bougainvillea germplasms were divided into purple group，red group，orange-yellow group，pink group，and white group，and the CV of quantitative traits ranged from 28.05%-39.93%，with the largest CV for leaf width at 39.93% and the smallest CV for bract width at 28.05%. The CV of pigment content ranged from 26.52% to 46.62%，with the largest CV for procyanidin content at 46.62% and the smallest CV for chlorophyll a content at 26.52%. Correlation analysis results showed that the procyanidin content had extremely significant negative correlations with betacyanin content and flower color （P<0.001），with the coefficient of correlation of -0.87；flower color had an extremely positive correlation with betacyanin content （P<0.001），with the coefficient of correlation of 0.88；public scoring had significant （P<0.05） or extremely signficant （P<0.01） correlations with flower color，leaf length，procyanidin content，and betacyanin content，with the most pronounced correlation with flower color. Cluster analysis results showed that the 18 germplasms into four major groups，among which Group Ⅱ only included Bougainvillea cv. Miss Manila，demon-strating that this cultivar showed greater uniqueness compared with other germplasms；the 11 cultivar traits and five pigment content indicators were divided into four major categories：the first and second categories showed trait characteristics，and the third and fourth categories showed pigment content characteristics. Principal component analysis（PCA） showed that，six principal components from the first to the sixth principal component were extracted at the standard of eigenvalue greater than 1，with the cumulative contribution rate of 82.85%，and the traits that exhibited the highest factor loadings across the six principal components （PC1-PC6） were flower color，bract width，leaf length，leaf width，leaf color，and chlorophyll a content. By calculating the membership function values，Bougainvillea cv. Killie Campbell had the highest score. According to calculation combined comprehensive PCA with membership function method，the 18 Bougainvillea germplasms were divided into four grades，and the Grade I included Bougainvillea cv. Miss Manila，Bougainvillea cv. Mrs. Butt，and Bougainvillea cv. Killie Campbell.

According to comprehensive evaluation of PCA and membership function method，three Bougainvillea cultivars （Bougainvillea cv. Miss Manila，Bougainvillea cv. Mrs. Butt，and Bougainvillea cv. Killie Campbell） have high scores. As they have big bracts，big leaves，and bright bracts，they are suitable to be popularized and cultivated in the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi，providing theoretical reference for tea origin and evolution studies，superior gene mining，and germplasm innovative utilization and conservation.

A total of 120 tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi were taken as research materials. A total of 19 phenotypic traits of them （including 13 qualitative traits and six quantitative traits） such as tree architecture and leaf morphology were determined，and genetic variation analysis，correlation analysis，principal component analysis，and cluster analysis were performed to systematically evaluate the major phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity.

Most tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi，were shrubs （61.67%） and semi-arbors （35.00%）；semi-spreading type accounted for the largest proportion （45.00%），followed by erect type （30.00%） and spreading type （25.00%）. Leaf insertion angle was mainly flat type （70.00%）. Leaf color was dominated by green （74.17%），followed by light green （19.16%）. Leaf apexes were mainly acuminate （38.33%） and acute （36.67%）. Leaf bases were mostly cuneate （74.17%）. Leaf blades were mainly flat （57.50%） and involute （39.17%）. Leaf surfaces were mainly slightly convex （38.34%） and relatively smooth （30.00%）. Leaf margins were mainly flat （87.50%）. Leaf texture was relatively soft or brittle （each accounting for 34.17%）. Leaf serration density were mostly moderately （55.84%） and intensely （38.33%） dense；leaf serration depth was moderate （58.33%） or shallow （25.00%）；leaf serration sharpness was mainly sharp （47.50%） or moderately sharp （45.83%）. The average Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H'） of 13 qualitative traits was 1.31，with coefficients of variation ranging from 25.01% to 45.07%. The average H' of six quantitative traits was 2.03，and the coefficients of variation ranged from 13.83% to 38.63%. Correlation analysis showed that 11 pairs of traits had extremely significant positive correlations，nine pairs had significant positive correlations，10 pairs had extremely significant negative correlations，and 10 pairs had significant negative correlations. Principal component analysis extracted the first seven principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.29%，and five superior germplasms with high comprehensive scores for leaves were screened according to principal component scores. Cluster analysis showed that the 120 germplasm resources were divided into seven groups at a Euclidean distance of 5.38：Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ had more germplasms，making up 75.83% of all materials；LZ099 and LZ110 in Group Ⅴ，along with LZ034 and LZ081 in Group Ⅲ，could serve as vital materials for tea breeding for their good characteristics such as big leaves and double buds.

Phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi show rich genetic diversity，with great development potential for breeding new distinctive tea varieties and innovative utilization of germplasm. Rare group conservation and exploration and utilization of core germplasms should be strengthened.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional components and antioxidant acti-vity of different buckwheat germplasm resources，providing theoretical basis for identifying specialized buckwheat varie-ties and their processing and utilization.

A total of 10 tartary buckwheat and 27 common buckwheat germplasms were taken as materials to determine their total protein content，total phenolic content，total flavonoid content，total starch content，1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging capability，2,2'-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid） diammonium salt （ABTS） radical scavenging capability，and total antioxidant capability. The genetic variation analysis，correlation analysis，principal component analysis，and cluster analysis were performed.

Diversity analysis results showed that the total protein content，total phenolic content，total flavonoid content，total starch content，DPPH radical scavenging capability，ABTS radical scavenging capability，and total antioxidant capability of tartary buckwheat were all higher than those of common buckwheat. The coefficient of variation of tartary buckwheat germplasms ranged from 2.27% to 49.36%，among which the ABTS radical scavenging capability exhibited the highest coefficient of variation，while the total protein content showed the lowest coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation of common buckwheat germplasms ranged from 4.62% to 35.19%，with relatively high values for total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging capability （>30%），and the lowest value for total protein content. Correlation analysis revealed that，in tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat，total phenolic content was significantly positively correlated with total flavonoid content，and DPPH radical scavenging capability was significantly positively correlated with ABTS radical scavenging capability（P<0.01）；no significant correlations were observed between total protein content or total starch content and other traits （P>0.05）. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components were 83.9% for tartary buckwheat and 78.6% for common buckwheat. In tartary buckwheat，Group Ⅰ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total protein content and high total starch content，Group Ⅱ could serve as hybrid parents for genetic analysis of total protein，total phenolic，and total starch traits，and Group Ⅲ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total phenolic content，high total flavonoid content，and high antioxidant activity. In common buckwheat，Group Ⅰ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total protein content and high total flavonoid content，Group Ⅱ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total antioxidant capability，and Group Ⅲ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total phenolic content，high total starch content，and high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capabilities.

The ABTS radical scavenging capability in tartary buckwheat，as well as the total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging capability in common buckwheat exhibit rich genetic variation and can serve as target traits for specialized excellent germplasms. The phenolic and radical scavenging capability factor，total antioxidant factor，and nutritional component factor in tartary buckwheat，along with the phenolic and antioxidant activity factor，and total protein factor in common buckwheat，extracted by principal component analysis，can be used as core indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of buckwheat quality. Buckwheat germplasms from different groups can be utilized for the screening and application of specialized varieties with high protein content，high starch content，high phenolic content，and high antioxidant capability.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different ultrasound-combined pretreatments on the microwave drying efficiency and dried product quality of star anise，identify the optimal pretreatment method and its underlying mechanism，and thereby provide reference for the green，efficient，and energy-saving drying processing of star anise.

Fresh star anise was subjected to three pretreatments as raw materials：ultrasound （US），ultrasound combined with steam blanching （US-SB），and ultrasound combined with freeze-thaw treatment （US-FT），with samples directly subjected to microwave drying without pretreatment served as the control （CK）. Effects of the three pretreatments on the microwave drying characteristics，physicochemical quality，and antioxidant activity of star anise were systematically analyzed，and the underlying mechanisms were further elucidated through microstructural observation and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

All three pretreatments disrupted the cellular structure of star anise and increased the number of water-migration pathways. Compared with the CK group ［drying time of 261.67 min and specific energy consumption of 14.60 （kW·h）/kg］，the drying times of the US，US-SB，and US-FT groups were reduced by 8.92%，46.50%，and 32.48% respectively，while their specific energy consumptions decreased by 13.08%，50.00%，and 33.56% respectively. The US-SB group exhibited the highest drying efficiency. However，polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity was almost completely inactivated，resulting in no significant difference in the redness value （a^*） of dried product compared with the CK group （P>0.05，the same below）. Moreover，its volatile oil content （6.59%），shikimic acid content （8.20%），and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging rate （53.95%） were significantly lower than those of the CK group （P<0.05，the same below）. PPO activity in the US and US-FT groups was significantly higher than that in the CK group，and the a^* values significantly increased by 15.74% and 15.64% compared with CK group respectively，demonstrating a brighter red color；the DPPH radical scavenging rates increased significantly by 22.28% and 25.53% compared with CK group respectively；no significant differences in volatile oil or shikimic acid contents were observed between these two groups and the CK group. The volume shrinkage rate of US-FT group （41.88%） showed no significant difference with the CK group，whereas those of the US （45.78%） and US-SB （54.18%） groups were significantly increased. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the US and US-FT pretreatments increased the free water peak area and promoted water migration，whereas the US-SB pretreatment reduced free water and increased immobilized water. Correlation analysis revealed that a^* had an extremely significant positive correlation with the DPPH radical scavenging rate （P<0.01，the same below），while the volume shrinkage rate showed extremely significant negative correlations with volatile oil content，shikimic acid content，and DPPH radical scavenging rate.

Consi-dering both drying efficiency and product quality，ultrasound combined with freeze-thaw pretreatment exhibits the best overall performance，which can shorten drying time，reduce energy consumption，improve star anise color，effectively retain volatile oil，shikimic acid，and antioxidant activity，without increasing volume shrinkage ratio. This technology provides a feasible approach for the green drying and processing of star anise.

This study aimed to determine the contents of active components and antioxidant activity in Polygonatum kingianum pericarp and predict the anti-inflammatory functions，providing reference for the high-value utilization of pericarp waste derived from Polygonatum kingianum processing.

Polygonatum kingianum pericarp was used as experimental material to determine the contents of total polysaccharides，total saponins，total flavonoids，and total phenolics and detect the scavenging capability of Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts for 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine （DPPH） radicals and 2,2-diazo-bis （3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid） diamiam monium salt （ABTS） cationic radicals. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-MS） technology was employed to analyze the metabolite composition of Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts，and potential active components were screened using network pharmacology methods. Core intersecting target analysis was conducted to predict KEGG signaling pathways associated with anti-inflammatory functions.

The contents of total polysaccharides，total saponins，total flavonoids，and total phenolics in the Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts were 53.14%，1.40%，0.39%，and 0.12% respectively. Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts exhi-bited strong scavenging capability for both DPPH radicals and ABTS cationic radicals，with the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations （IC₅₀） of 3.21 and 5.21 mg/mL respectively. A total of 822 components were detected from Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts using high-resolution mass spectrometry，from which 28 potential active components were screened，and 262 intersected with anti-inflammatory activity targets. Luteolin，diosmetin，acacetin，genkwanin，and syringetin were key anti-inflammatory components that acted on core target proteins such as tumor necrosis factor （TNF），interleukin-6 （IL-6），serine/threonine kinase 1 （AKT1），prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 （PTGS2），and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）. The anti-inflammatory targets of Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts were associated with 1065 GO functional terms，comprising 739 biological process terms，94 cellular component terms，and 232 molecular function terms. KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that these targets exerted their potential anti-inflammatory functions primarily by modulating pathways in cancer.

Polygonatum kingianum pericarp contains abundant active components，exhibits strong antioxidant activity，and shows good anti-inflammatory potential，suggesting its potential utilization value to be developed as functional products.

This study aimed to investigate change patterns of aroma substances of Akebia trifoliata ssp. australis pulp during ripening，providing reference for fruit quality regulation and development and utilization of aroma substances of Akebia trifoliata ssp. australis.

Fruits at hard ripening （Y0），softening （R0），cracking （K0），and ripening （Y3） stages of the variety Yemutong Ⅰ of Akebia trifoliata ssp. australis were taken as test materials. Widely targeted metabolomic analysis and relative odor activity value （ROAV） analysis were performed，and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment and sensory flavor were analyzed based on differential volatile metabolites.

A total of 448 volatile metabolites were detected in pulp of Yemutong Ⅰ at the four stages，with terpenoids and heterocyclic compounds being the most abundant. During the whole tree ripening process of Y0→R0→K0，the differential volatile metabolites were mainly up-regulated；the differential volatile metabolites were mainly down-regulated during the process of Y0→Y3 at room temperature. In Y0 vs R0，the significantly enriched pathway of differential volatile metabolites was biosynthesis of cofactor （P<0.05，the same below），while in Y0 vs K0 and Y0 vs Y3，the significantly different metabolic pathway was sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis，followed by biosynthesis of cofactor. A total of 70 key odor components with ROAV > 1 were identified，among which benzyl mercaptan，3,6-nonadienal，5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2（5H）-furanone，phenylethyl isovalerate，and other substances showed great influence on shaping pulp odor of Yemutong Ⅰ. ROAV analysis results showed that the odor characteristics of pulp at each ripening stage were relatively consistent：sweet odor type was dominant，with a contribution rate of 84.40%-89.89%，followed by spicy and floral odor types，with contribution rates of 2.89%-5.02% and 2.71%-3.35% respectively. Fruity and green odor types were the common sensory flavor characteristics annotated to the differential volatile metabolites across all comparison groups.

Pulp of Yemutong Ⅰ exhibits a complex odor type covering green，fruity，and sweet odors，forming a distinctive flavor characteri-zed by sweet and refreshing，tender and smooth，with rich fruity odor and a subtle hint of coconut substances. During the two ripening processes of tree-ripening and post-harvest ripening at room temperature，the overall pulp odor exhibits relatively minor changes. Therefore，fruits harvested at the softening stage are suitable for fresh consumption or short distance transportation，while those at the hard-ripening stage are more appropriate for storage and long distance transportation.

This study aimed to investigate overall structure，key components，and working parameters of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester，providing reference for optimizing operation performance of the whole-stalk sugarcane harvester.

A special leaf stripping channel test platform was built，and different sugarcane varie-ties were selected to carry out systematic experiments to analyze the effects of sugarcane morphology and environmental humidity on leaf stripping of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and determine the optimal parameter interval of leaf stripping roller rotation speed. Based on the self-designed automatic profiling mechanism，an adaptive ground cutting system was constructed，and the automatic lifting control of the cutterhead was discussed. The working performance of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester was evaluated by field experiment.

The physical morphology of sugarcane markedly affected the operation performance of the leaf stripping device. When harvesting sugarcane in upright state and bending state，the leaf stripping roller rotation speed was controlled at 600-800 r/min and 700-900 r/min respectively，which could maintain low impurity rates and loss rates，thus achieving good leaf stripping performance. Environmental humidity also affected leaf stripping performance. The leaf stripping roller rotation speed was controlled at 400-600 r/min under low humidity conditions and 800-1000 r/min under medium and high humidity conditions，which could keep low impurity rates and loss rates. Based on the optimal stubble height in the sugarcane-growing areas of Guangxi，the automatic control scheme for cutterhead lifting was set as follows：when the distance between the cutterhead and the ground was 1-3 cm，the height of the cutterhead remained unmoved；when the distance was < 1 cm，the height of cutterhead was raised；when the distance was > 3 cm，the height of cutterhead was lowered. The field experiment results showed that，for the 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester，the average impurity rate was 2.71%，the average stump breaking rate 6.34%，the average loss rate 2.98%，the qualified cane rate 94.10%，and the qualified cutting height rate 95.80%. The overall operation performance indicators of the machine met the requirements of JB/T 6275-2019 Sugarcane Combine Harvester. Compared with the conventional manual harvesting efficiency （1.0-1.5 t/d），the average harvesting efficiency of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester was 5.31 t/h，and the daily harvesting capacity was equivalent to the workload of about 40 workers.

By controlling the key working parameters of leaf stripping process of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and formulating the automatic control scheme of cutterhead lifting，the impurity rate and loss rate of sugarcane harvesting process can be effectively controlled，and the quality and efficiency of sugarcane harvesting can be improved.

This study aimed to perform identification，subcellular localization，and expression analysis of the longan FLOE gene family members，explore the mechanism underlying the FLOE gene family during longan somatic embryogenesis and stress response，providing theoretical reference for molecular breeding of stress-tolerant longan.

Using the Arabidopsis thaliana FLOE family protein sequences as reference sequences，DlFLOE gene family members were identified from longan genome. Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze their sequence characteri-stics. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was utilized to analyze different early stages of somatic embryogenesis and expression patterns under hormones and abiotic stresses of DlFLOE gene family.

Three DlFLOE gene family members were identified and named DlFLOE1，DlFLOE2，and DlFLOE3 according to their positions on chromosomes. The number of amino acids encoded by DlFLOE family members ranged from 440 to 559，with relative molecular mass ranged from 48.36 to 61.25 kD，and theoretical isoelectric points of 5.51-6.16，indicating that they were all hydrophilic and unstable proteins. The DlFLOE2 protein located in the vacuole，while DlFLOE1 and DlFLOE3 proteins were located in nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that the DlFLOE3 gene clustered with the LITCHI022451.m1 gene of Litchi chinensis，indicating that the homologous genes of Sapindaceae were conserved. According to results of gene and protein structure analysis as well as collinearity analysis，the DlFLOE2 gene had five intron，and the rest genes contained two introns，with intron length showing difference between species；most members contained DUF1421 domain；a colli-near relationship was found between DlFLOE2 and DlFLOE3 genes，with the two genes located on different chromosomes and the Ka/Ks=0.261，suggesting that they had been under purifying selection during evolution. Promoter cis-element analysis and subcellular localization results showed that the promoters of DlFLOE family members contained elements responsive to light and drought stress；the DlFLOE1 gene had a strong positive response to high-concentration PEG and was located in nucleus，which was consistent with predictions from online software. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection results indicated that DlFLOE genes family members responded to different hormones and abiotic stress treatments，but their expression patterns varied.

The three FLOE gene family members identified from the longan genome exhibit functional differentiation and clear spatiotemporal specificity，showing important roles in stress response and hormone regulation for longan. The DlFLOE1 gene shows a strong positive response to high-concentration PEG，thus，it is suggested to be involved in drought-responsive pathways.

The study aimed to investigate the functions of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress，provide theoretical basis and candidate target genes for elucidating willow waterlogging tolerance mechanism and breeding willows tolerant to waterlogging.

Using one-year-old willow branches as materials，bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze physicochemical properties，conserved domains，protein domains，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and promoter cis-acting elements of the SmGAD protein，and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） was used to detect the expression changes of SmGAD gene. The SmGAD gene was cloned，and the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD and silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD were constructed.Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） technology was used to silence SmGAD，and the gene function was verified through waterlogging treatment. Meanwhile，prokaryotic expression was performed to induce protein expression，and the changes in bacterial culture OD_{600 nm} under H₂O₂ stress were measured.

The coding sequence （CDS） of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana was 1497 bp in full length，and SmGAD protein consisted of 498 amino acid residues，with a theoretical molecular mass of 56512.01 Da，a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.80，an aliphatic index of 90.80，an instability index of 35.82，and a grand average of hydropathicity hydrophobicity coefficient of -0.221. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SmGAD protein shared high similarity with GAD homologous proteins in six species，including Camellia sinensis L.，Oryza sativa L.，Arabidopsis thaliana L.，and Gossypium hirsutum L. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of SmGAD gene contained methyl jasmonate -responsive elements，auxin-responsive elements，light-responsive elements，drought-responsive elements，prolamin-metabolism-responsive elements，and so on. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results revealed that the expression trends of SmGAD gene differed among various willow varieties after waterlogging treatment. VIGS experiment results showed that the silenced lines exhibited more severer leaf abscission and decay under waterlogging stress，with substantial peroxidative damage to cell membranes，along with poor root growth. Prokaryotic expression experiments demonstrated that the SmGAD protein played an important role in scavenging H₂O₂.

SmGAD gene，a positive regulatory factor in regulatory network of Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging and hypoxia stresses，can enhance plant resistance to waterlogging stress through mechanisms such as alleviating oxidative stress damage. Prokaryo-tic expression experiments confirm that the SmGAD protein can scavenge H₂O₂.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of different improvement measures on physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity of peach rhizosphere soil，providing theoretical basis for peach continuous crop obstacle alleviation and sustainable development of peach cultivation.

Replanted peach rhizosphere soil was used as the research object. Three treatments were established：deep tillage of original soil followed by rice rotation + natural grass （DR+NG），deep tillage of original soil followed by rice rotation + alfalfa grass （DR+PA），and deep tillage of original soil + natural grass （DT+NG）. Soil physicochemical property determination and high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze the composition and diversity of bacterial communities of rhizosphere soil in peach orchard under different improvement measures，and function prediction was performed.

The analysis results of soil physicochemical pro-perty showed that，compared with the DT+NG treatment，the DR+NG treatment significantly increased soil pH，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，and organic matter content （P<0.05，same below），and significantly decreased electrical conductivity and available potassium content. Compared with the DR+NG treatment，the DR+PA treatment significantly decreased soil pH，electrical conductivity，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content，and organic matter content while significantly increased available potassium content. Bacterial community analysis showed that，compared with the DT+NG treatment，the relative abundance of Bacteroidota，Crenarchaeota，Latescibacterota，NB1-j，and Nitrospirota significantly or extremely significantly （P<0.01） increased；compared with the DR+NG treatment，the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota，Desulfobacterota，Firmicutes，and Chloroflexi significantly or extremely significantly （P<0.01） increased. Soil microbial diversity showed significant differences among treatments. Compared with the DT+NG treatment，the ACE and Chao indexes under the DR+NG treatment increased by 7.30% and 6.90% respectively，the Simpson index extremely significantly increased by 44.09% （P<0.001），and the Shannon index extremely significantly decreased by 2.27% （P<0.001）；compared with the DR+NG treatment，the ACE，Chao，and Shannon indexes under the DR+PA treatment extremely significantly increased by 13.50%，13.30%，and 2.80% （P<0.001） respectively，and the Simpson index extremely significantly decreased by 25.68% （P<0.001）. Function prediction results showed that rice rotation and grass treatments significantly affected carbon and nitrogen cycling-related functions，and compared with the DT+NG treatment，relative abundance of nitrification function under the DR+NG treatment extremely significantly increased by 103.6% （P<0.01）；compared with the DR+NG treatment，relative abundance of chemoheterotrophy，aerobic chemoheterotrophy，and nitrogen fixation functions under the DR+PA treatment extremely significantly increased by 17.3%，22.0%，and 88.3% respectively （P<0.01）.

Deep tillage followed by rice rotation combined with alfalfa grass treatment can improve soil physicochemical properties and provide an ideal microbial environment for early peach growth. Compared with conventional natural grass and deep tillage alone，it shows better comprehensive improvement effects and can be applied in the renewal of old peach orchards.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions on yield and quality of Orah，providing reference for Orah production and fruit and vegetable waste valorization.

Diffe-rent plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions were uniformly sprayed on leaves of Orah trees at the fruit expansion-ripening stage. Plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions used on treatment A and treatment B were made from cull Orah fruits and discarded cabbage leaves，with an equal spray of purified water as the control treatment （CK）. Relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value），nitrogen content，phosphorus content，potassium content，amino acid content in leaves and fruits，fruit yield traits，and quality indicators under different treatments were determined. Correlation analysis was conducted on leaf indicators，fruit mass，and fruit quality indicators.

The two treatments of spraying plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions effectively increased the SPAD value of leaves，single fruit weight，and total amino acid contents in leaves and fruits，which were significantly higher than those of CK （P<0.05，the same below）；the treatment A exhibited better effects than treatment B. Spraying plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions significantly increased the nitrogen content of leaves，but had little effects on nitrogen content，phosphorus content，and potassium content in Orah fruits. Vitamin C content，soluble sugar contents，total sugar content，and sugar-acid ratio were positive indicators affecting fruit quality. The four indicators of treatment A were significantly higher than those of treatment B and CK；for treatment B，only the sugar-acid ratio was significantly higher than that of the CK，whereas the other three parameters showed no significant differences compared with CK （P>0.05）. In terms of the negative indicators affecting Orah fruit quality （total acid content and crude fiber content），treatment A had the lowest values of both indicators，which were significantly lower than CK. The correlation network diagram of indicators showed that spraying Jiaosu nutrient solutions might affect the yield and quality of Orah fruits indirectly by influencing SPAD value，nitrogen content，potassium content，and amino acid content of leaves.

Foliar spraying the two Jiaosu nutrient solutions increase yield and quality of Orah by influencing indicators such as chlorophyll content，amino acid content，and Jiaosu nutrient solutions prepared from fruits of the same plant species show better efficacy.

This study aimed to predict the potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China，clarify the correlation between climate change and its distribution，thereby providing a theoretical basis for its artificial cultivation，introduction，development，and utilization.

Based on the 62 distribution points of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. and 19 environmental factors，the maximum entropy model （MaxEnt） was used to predict its potential suitable habitats under current and future （2050s and 2090s） climate change scenarios （SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5）. The actual suitable habitats were calculated through overlay analysis with land use types. Key environmental factors were screened based on their contribution rates and response curves. Based on changes in suitable habitat area and centroid migration，the chan-ging trends in potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. under future climate change were determined.

The current total suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China was 37.59 × 10⁴ km²，mainly distributed in Guangdong，Guangxi，Hainan，Fujian，Taiwan，and Yunnan. The area of lowly suitable habitat was 24.67 × 10⁴ km²，the area of moderately suitable habitat was 10.09 × 10⁴ km²，and the area of highly suitable habitat was 2.83 × 10⁴ km² respectively. Overlay analysis was performed on geographical layers of forestland and shrubland，which showed that the actual suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was 21.56 × 10⁴ km². The four key environmental factors affecting the growth of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was in the order of contribution rate as minimum temperature of coldest month （73.5%） > precipitation of driest month （9.7%） > annual precipitation （6.2%） > mean diurnal temperature range （4.0%），with minimum temperature of coldest month being the dominant environmental factor. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario，the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. generally showed an overall expanding trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario，although the lowly suitable habitats continued to increase by the 2090s，the moderately and highly suitable habitats shrank sharply，resulting in a declining trend in the total suitable habitats. In addition，under the SSP1-2.6 scenario，the centroid of the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China showed no obvious east-west migration but exhibited a continuous northward migration trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario，the centroid of suitable habitats rapidly migrated westward and then remained relatively stable in longitude，while continuously migrating northward in latitude.

Under future climate change scenarios，the distribution trends and area changes of suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China will show different response patterns. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Guangdong and Guangxi will continue to increase under the low radiative forcing scenario but shrink severely under the high radiative forcing scenario. Therefore，meteorological monitoring and artificial intervention should be strengthened，and changes in crop varieties should be considered in a timely manner. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Fujian，Yunnan，and Guizhou will continue to increase. Planting trials should be conducted before introduction and cultivation in newly suitable habitats，while economic viability and feasibility should also be considered. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Hainan and Taiwan remain relatively stable，but attention should be paid to the decline in suitable habitat levels caused by climate change. Artificial intervention measures should be taken in a timely manner based on environmental factors and meteorological monitoring results to ensure the quality of medicinal materials.

This study aimed to clarify the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon stocks in black soil regions and the influencing factors，and reveal how land use change affected carbon storage，so as to enrich carbon stock estimation methods and provide reference for formulating appropriate carbon sequestration policies.

Harbin City，a representative black soil region，was the study area. The land use data and multi-source spatial carbon density data in 2000，2010，and 2020 were employed to reveal the change pattern of carbon stock using time series analysis. The center of gravity migration model，exploratory spatial data analysis，and coldspot/hotspot spatial statistical method were used to characterize spatial differentiation. The geographical detector model was applied to identify the intensity and interaction of influencing factors for carbon stock in the study area.

From 2000 to 2020，cropland and forestland were the dominant land use types in the study area，with pronounced changes occurred，and the areas of land conversion were from cropland and forestland （only second to land conversion from water area），mainly into construction land and unused land. These land use changes shaped the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon stocks，which decreased overall from 6.92×10⁸ t in 2000 to 6.60×10⁸ t in 2020. The center of gravity of carbon stock under land use change shifted 548.61 m southeastward in the study area，with the most pronounced migration distance between 2010 and 2020，reaching 451.36 m. Carbon stock hotspot areas based on land use changes were concentrated and became increasingly expanded，while coldspot areas remained relatively scattered and shrank. Carbon stock under land use change in the study area was commonly influenced by natural environmental and socioeconomic factors，with elevation，land use intensity，distance from county center，and slope exhibiting strong explanatory power. Factor interactions were predominantly characterized by dual-factor enhancement，and interactions between natural and socioeconomic factors explained change in carbon stock more effectively than interactions among factors within a single category.

Between 2000 and 2020，carbon stock under land use change in the study area generally declines，and carbon stock loss is primarily due to the conversion of high-carbon-sink land use types （water areas and forestlands） into low-carbon-sink land use types （unused land，cropland，and construction land），indicating that human-driven land use change has become a key factor influencing carbon stock. Furthermore，carbon stock change shows clear spatial clustering，underscoring the scale-dependent impact of human activities on spatial reorganization of carbon pools. The interaction between natural constraints and human disturbances is a dual-engine dri-ving model for carbon stock change，with elevation，distance from county center，slope，and land use intensity as critical influencing factors of spatial differentiation. Accordingly，it is recommended that cropland retirement should be prioritized in high-risk areas identified by the slope-distance coupling model.