Ae. umbellulata (Aegilops umbellulata, 2n=2x=14, UU) is a tertiary gene resource for wheat improvement. In order to accurately identify the chromosomes of Ae. umbellulata U genome or the chromosome segments transferred into wheat, based on the next-generation sequencing information of Ae. umbellulata U genome, 13 oligonucleotide probes were designed for Oligo-FISH analysis according to the 17 possible specific satellite repeats identified. The Oligo-FISH results showed that 10 of the probes exhibited obvious hybridization signals on the chromosomes of Ae. umbellulata. The probe specificity analysis revealed that the five probes generated hybridization signals on the chromosomes of Ae. umbellulata, but there was no obvious hybridization signal on the chromosomes in wheat, which can be used as the specific probes to identify the chromosomes of U genome in wheat background. Two probes Oligo-pAu153 and Oligo-pAu263, generating rich and strong signals on Ae. umbellulata chromosome, and one probe Oligo-pAu133 specific for Ae. umbellulata chromosome combining with Oligo-pSc119.2 were used as a probe multiplex ONPS#AU1. The Oligo-FISH karyotype of Ae. umbellulata was constructed, which can accurately identify each chromosome of the U genome. It will accelerate the step for mining, transferring and utilizing the excellent genes of Ae. umbellulata.

Wild relatives are the gene pools for wheat genetic improvement. Distant hybridization helps to enrich the genetic diversity of wheat and cultivate excellent new germplasm. Leymus mollis (NsNsXmXm, 2n=4x=28) is a perennial self-incompatible species belonging to the Leymus genus, named for its growth in coastal areas. Many excellent characteristics of Leymus mollis, such as cold and drought resistance, salt and alkali tolerance, and resistance to fungal diseases, can be transferred to common wheat through distant hybridization. This paper mainly introduces the composition of the Leymus mollis genome, summarizes the 38 wheat-Leymus introgression lines that have been created, describes the identification methods of the alien chromosome introgression lines, and discusses the impact of the introduction of Leymus mollis genetic materials into the wheat background on the main agronomic traits and quality of the recipient. Finally, the future applications of wheat-Leymus mollis chromosome introgression lines are prospected, to help the researchers further understand and utilize Leymus mollis, excavate its excellent genes, and promote the improvement and innovation of wheat germplasm resources.

In order to clarify resistant genes distribution and genetic basis of scab resistant varieties (lines) from Huanghuai wheat region, single floret injection method, molecular markers and 55K SNP chips were used to evaluate scab resistance, detect gene components and analyze genetic diversity of 60 materials with relatively good resistance, which were evaluated from 515 white-grain wheat varieties (lines) in 2021-2022. Evaluation of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance showed that there were 1, 36, and 23 varieties (lines) exhibiting high resistance, moderate resistance and moderate susceptibility in 2022-2023, accounting for 1.7%, 60.0%, and 38.3% of total materials, respectively. In 2023-2024, 39 varieties (lines) were evaluated as moderate resistance and 21 varieties (lines) were moderate susceptibility, account for 65.0% and 35.0% of total, respectively. No varieties (lines) with high resistance were identified. From the perspective of two consecutive years, there were 33 and 17 varieties (lines) performed as moderate resistance and moderate susceptibility stably, accounting for 55.0% and 28.3% of total, respectively. The rest materials exhibited differences in different years, with the resistance level all in the middle of moderate resistance and moderate susceptibility. The results of gene molecular detection showed that there were 17, 4, 6, 3, 4, and 8 varieties (lines) carrying Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, Fhb5, Fhb7, and Qfhs.crc-2DL, accounting for 28.3%, 6.7%, 10.0%, 5.0%, 6.7%, and 13.3% of total, respectively. In terms of multiple gene pyramiding, there were 7 varieties (lines) containing two genes, 4 varieties (lines) carrying three genes, and 1 pyramiding four genes, account for 11.7%, 6.7%, and 1.7% of total, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the genetic background of the tested materials was relatively narrow. The genetic distance between the representative varieties (lines) varied from 0.026 cM to 0.532 cM, and average distance was only 0.384 cM. These varieties (lines) can be grouped into five categories by clustering analysis, with 6, 4, 10, 3, and 37 varieties (lines) in each category, which generally conforms to the characteristics of regional origin and pedigree.

In order to understand the yield, quality, disease resistance and parental use of new wheat varieties in the southern Huanghuai winter wheat region in recent years, and to provide reference for the cultivation of new wheat varieties, this study analyzed the yield, quality, disease resistance, and parental use of wheat in the southern Huang-Huai winter wheat region from 2011 to 2024. The results showed that from 2011 to 2024, there were totally 574 wheat varieties, and the yield increased year by year, with an average annual increase of 58.4 kg·hm^-2. Among the three yield components, there was a significantly positive correlation between yield and 1 000-grain weight (P<0.01). Yield was significantly correlated with the number of grains per spike (P<0.05). Among the quality traits, the bulk density, stability time and water absorption all showed a slow increase trend, and the wet gluten content was basically stable. There are 459 medium-gluten varieties, accounting for 79.97%, 26 strong gluten varieties, accounting for 4.53%, and 67 medium-strong gluten varieties, accounting for 11.67%. High-quality varieties are on the increase. In terms of disease resistance, among the 574 varieties, 96 varieties are resistant to stripe rust, accounting for 16.72%, of which 40 varieties are highly resistant or immune, accounting for 6.97%. There are no varieties with high resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) or powdery mildew, only 8 and 7 varieties with moderate resistance to FHB and powdery mildew, accounting for 1.39% and 1.22%, respectively. There are only 2 and 5 varieties with high resistance and moderate resistance to sheath blight, accounting for 1.22% in total. There are 9 varieties resistant to more than two diseases, accounting for 1.57%. Single cross combination breeding is the main breeding method, accounting for 72.30%. A total of 489 parental materials were applied for breeding the 574 varieties, among which 5 parental materials were frequently used: Zhoumai 18 (41 times), Jimai 22 (43 times), Bainong Aikang 58 (73 times), Zhoumai 22 (82 times), and Zhoumai 16 (90 times). The analysis showed that the number of good-quality varieties in the national approval of the southern Huang-Huai winter wheat region is small; the varieties resistant to FHB and powdery mildew are lacking; the breeding method is relatively simple, and the use of parental materials is relatively concentrated. In the future, we should broaden the genetic basis, enrich the breeding methods and strengthen the cultivation of good-quality and disease-resistant varieties.

In order to screen and identify the excellent highland barley germplasm resources in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 15 agronomic traits of 346 highland barley resources, collected in Ganzi Prefecture, were analyzed. The statistical results showed that the coefficients of variation for different agronomic traits of these resources ranged from 7.80% (grain length) to 58.05% (seed coat color), with the average of variation 25.52%. The genetic diversity index ranged from 0.30 (curled leaf) to 2.11 (flag leaf length). The genetic diversity index of 8 traits was greater than 2.0, including flag leaf length, stem diameter and plant height. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the six extracted principal components was 64.931%, and the contribution rate of the traits related to the spike type and yield of highland barley was larger. According to the comprehensive score (M value), the top 10 materials were HV-13, HV-12, HV-190, HV-193, HV-335, HV-112, HV-322, HV-184, HV-188, and HV-232, which had higher yield traits (average 1 000-grain weight of 47.62 g) and plump grain shape (average grain width of 3.79 mm and average grain length of 8.06 mm). The photosynthetic efficiency was high (average flag leaf width was 2.92 cm), and the overall performance was excellent. Cluster analysis showed that the 346 accessions were divided into 5 groups. Among them, 78 materials in group Ⅱ had both high yield and dwarf traits compared with others, which could be used as excellent resources for the subsequent selection of highland barley breeding parents. This study clarified that the highland barley in Ganzi Prefecture has rich genetic diversity, and selected some resources with better comprehensive characteristics, which can provide a theoretical basis for the excavation and creation of excellent germplasm resources of Ganzi highland barley.

In order to figure out the most suitable combination of sowing pattern and drip irrigation configuration of late-sown wheat in northern Xinjiang, a winter wheat variety Xindong 18 was used as the test material, with the sowing method (S) as the main plot of a split-plot experiment, including S1 (three-dimensional uniform sowing), S2 (wide and narrow row sowing: 18-18-18-26 cm), S3 (wide and narrow row sowing: 15-20-15-30 cm), and S4 (conventional strip sowing, row spacing 20 cm), and each plot was grouped with continuous four rows of winter wheat (evenly sown within 80 cm). The drip irrigation configuration was set up as a sub-plot: two pipes and four rows (D1, both pipes were 5 cm away from the inner row, and the sowing interval was 30 cm + 50 cm), two pipes and four rows (D2, both pipes were 5 cm away from the outer row, and the spacing between the sowing was 40 cm), equal interval by 50 cm (D3), and one pipe and four rows (D4, interval spacing by 80 cm). The effects of different sowing patterns and drip irrigation combinations on the net photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components of the late-sown winter wheat in northern Xinjiang were studied. The results showed that the mean values of SPAD and net photosynthetic rate ranked as S3>S2>S1>S4, and the mean values under the same sowing pattern ranked as D1>D2>D3>D4, of which reached the peak under S3D1 treatment. The accumulation of dry matter and distribution of grains at maturity reached their maximum values under the S2D1 treatment. Compared to S4D1 treatment, the dry matter transportation before and after flowering increased by 30.20% and 10.89%, respectively; S2D1 treatment extended the rapid filling phase by 1.6 d, prolonged the duration of grain filling by 2 d, and increased the average grain filling rate by 11.34%, consequently improved the number of spikes, grain number per spike, and thousand-grain weight by 11.93%, 8.78%, and 8.30%, respectively, and ultimately resulted in an increase rate of 17.74% in yield. The comprehensive evaluation based on gray correlation concluded that the appropriate sowing pattern and drip irrigation configuration for late-sown winter wheat in the northern region of Xinjiang is S2 and D1.

In order to explore the characteristics in photosynthetic performance and yield of dryland winter wheat under different straw mulching methods, three mulching methods were set up in the northwest arid region from 2022 to 2023: four rows of straw strip mulching sowing (SSM4), five rows of straw strip mulching sowing (SSM5), and full crushed-straw mulching (SCM), with bare ground as the control (CK). The differences of soil moisture, dry matter accumulation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content, grain yield and its components of winter wheat under different straw mulching methods were analyzed. The results showed that the soil moisture content in wheat fields under straw mulching increased by 0.1-1.9 percentage points compared to CK, with SSM4 and SCM showing the largest increase during the grain filling stage, and SSM5 showing the largest increase during the maturity stage. Compared with CK, straw mulching increased the average net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration rate (T_r) of wheat flag leaves from 0 to 28 days after flowering by 12.8% to 18.7%, 24.2% to 38.0%, and 21.2% to 33.8%, respectively. It also reduced the average intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) by 7.9% to 10.3%. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and transpiration rate (T_r) of both SSM4 and SSM5 showed the greatest increase at 21 days after flowering, while SCM showed the greatest increase at 28 and 14 days after flowering, respectively. The stomatal conductance (G_s increase) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i decrease) of SSM4, SSM5, and SCM reached their maximum variation at 28 days after flowering. The chlorophyll content (SPAD value) significantly increased, with an increase rate of 3.9% to 7.0%. Among them, the maximum increase in SSM4 and SSM5 occurred at 0 day after flowering, while the maximum increase in SCM occurred at 21 days after flowering. The average dry matter accumulation during the entire growth period under straw mulching increased by 0.7% to 30.5% compared to CK. Among them, SSM4, SSM5, and SCM showed the largest increase during the grain filling stage; SSM5 showed the largest increase during the jointing stage, and SCM showed the largest increase during the booting stage. Straw mulching significantly increased the grain yield of winter wheat, with an increase rate of 7.9%, 18.6%, and 9.9% for SSM4, SSM5, and SCM, respectively. The main reason for the increase in yield was the increase in the number of spikes per unit area and thousand-grain weight. Thus, it can be seen that straw mulching can effectively increase soil moisture in dryland winter wheat, promote dry matter accumulation, improve flag leaf photosynthetic capacity, and facilitate yield formation. Ultimately, wheat yield can be improved by increasing the number of spikes and thousand-grain weight, and the best effect was achieved by sowing in 5 rows with straw strip mulching.

In order to explore the effects of long-term straw returning in different seasons on the quality of wheat seedlings in lime concretion black soil area of Huaibei Plain in Anhui Province, based on the long-term positioning test of wheat-maize in the Crop Cultivation Scientific Observation Station of East China of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the differences in agronomic traits and dry matter accumulation of winter wheat seedlings under four different straw returning modes for 15 years were compared and analyzed, including no straw returning (CK), total crushing and mulching of wheat straw (T1), total crushing and mulching of wheat straw+total crushing and burying of corn straw (T2) and total crushing and burying of corn straw (T3). The results showed that compared with no straw returning, straw returning reduced the number of secondary roots, root volume and average root diameter of wheat from three-leaf stage to five-leaf stage, but promoted root growth from six-leaf stage to over-wintering stage. At the over-wintering stage, the number of secondary roots of T1, T2, and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 18.64%, 16.95%, and 11.86%, respectively, compared with CK. The root volume and average root diameter were significantly increased by 16.89%, 29.63%, 20.63% and 19.26%, 12.73%, 14.42%, respectively, compared with CK. Straw returning increased the seedling height, leaf area index, stem per plant and dry matter weight of wheat seedlings from three-leaf stage to over-wintering stage. From six-leaf stage to over-wintering period, the photosynthetic potential of T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased by 11.77%, 9.45% and 3.54%, respectively, compared with CK. Two independent comprehensive indices were extracted by principal component analysis of the 10 indices at over-wintering stage, and their contribution rates were 68.428% and 26.961%, respectively, representing 95.389% of the contribution of all data. The comprehensive score of evaluation index of wheat seedling quality in each treatment ranked as T1>T2>T3>CK. In summary, long-term straw returning can improve the quality of seedlings by promoting the growth and development of wheat roots and aboveground plants. Among them, the full crushing and mulching of wheat straw in single season has the best effect on improving the quality of seedlings.

Yangmai 25 has the potential of late sowing resistance and high yield in production. This experiment aimed to clarify its mechanism of late sowing resistance. The experiment was conducted in Wanfu Base of Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Science, Jiangsu Province during 2019—2020 and 2020—2021, with Ningmai 13, Yangmai 20, and Yangmai 25 as materials. Four sowing dates were set up (November 5, November 15, November 25, and December 5, marked as Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ, respectively), with different planting density (2.25×10⁶ plants·hm^-2, 3.00×10⁶ plants·hm^-2, 3.75×10⁶ plants·hm^-2, and 4.50×10⁶ plants·hm^-2). The differences of individual tiller occurrence at over-wintering stage, population structure, grain setting characteristics and yield components were studied, to analyze the growth and development mechanism of Yangmai 25 achieving high yield under late sowing conditions. The results showed that when the sowing date was delayed, Yangmai 25 showed higher tiller number per plant compared with Ningmai 13 and Yangmai 20 at over-wintering stage, which had large population biomass at seedling stage. The grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight of Yangmai25 showed a lowest decreasing trend under late sowing conditions. Compared with sowing date Ⅰ, Yangmai 25 showed the smallest decrease in grain number and thousand grain weight among the Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ sowiing dates, with a decrease rate of 1.80%, 7.62%, and 10.11% in grain number, while that of Ningmai 13 decreased by 3.79%, 11.63%, and 16.18%, and Yangmai 20 decreased by 5.14%, 12.36%, and 20.45%, respectively. Under four sowing periods, the 1 000-grain weight and yield of Yangmai 25 were higher than those of Yangmai 20 and Ningmai 13, with the smallest reduction in yield and good stability. In Summary, under the late sowing conditions, Yangmai 25 maintained high tiller ability per plant and individual developmental at over-wintering stage, and coordinated population structure, which could lay a foundation for high yield. Yangmai 25 had lowest decrease in grain number and stable 1 000-grain yield, which was conducive to realizing stable and high yield under late sowing.

Sowing date, nitrogen rate and plant density are effective cultivation practices to regulate grain yield (GY) and protein content (GPC) in weak gluten wheat. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed on the effects of these main cultivation practices on GY and GPG of weak gluten wheat in the Middle and Lower reaches of Yangtze River using the existing literature data from 2002 to 2022. The control (CK) was selected from 20 October to 6 November for sowing date, from 210 to 240 kg·hm^-2 for nitrogen rate, and from 180×10⁴ to 240×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 for plant density, respectively. The meta-analysis showed that when the sowing date was delayed by 14-21 days, the GY of weak gluten wheat was significantly reduced by 9.73%, while the GPC was increased by 3.87%; when the nitrogen rate was reduced by 30-240 kg·hm^-2, the GY and GPC was significantly simultaneously decreased by 6.42%-51.72% and 6.63%-19.13%, respectively; when the plant density was increased by 30×10⁴-120×10⁴ plants·hm^-2, the GY was significantly improved by 4.39%-7.11%, while the GPC was decreased by 1.16%-3.70%, compared with the CK. Furthermore, the relationship between GY and GPC of weak gluten wheat was analyzed under different cultivation practices mentioned above in this region. The qualified grain quality (GPC<11.5%) while maintaining optimum yield (GY>6 500 kg·hm^-2) could be achieved with the sowing date from October 24 to October 31, the nitrogen rate from 172 to 186 kg·hm^-2, and the plant density from 293×10⁴ to 360×10⁴ plants·hm^-2. Correspondingly, the dry matter accumulation of weak gluten wheat ranged between 9.7 and 11.3 t·hm^-2 at anthesis as well as 17.5 and 20.1 t·hm^-2 at maturity, while the nitrogen content of single stem, stem, leaf, and ear at anthesis is maintained within 11.7, 5.6, 30.7, and 15.8 mg·g^-1.

The contents of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and magnesium (Mg) in wheat grains are of great significance for maintaining human health. In order to understand the differences in the content of these five mineral elements among different wheat varieties (lines), the contents of Ca, Fe, Zn, Se, and Mg in 363 domestic and foreign wheat grains were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the differences in their contents in wheat grains from different sources were analyzed. The varieties (lines) with higher content of mineral elements were screened. The results showed that based on residents' eating habits and the “Human Trace Element Intake Standards of China Nutrition Society”, the proportion of wheat with Ca, Fe, Zn, Se and Mg contents meeting the recommended standards was 11.84%, 30.03%, 1.93%, 4.68% and 1.38%, respectively. The five mineral element contents of wheat from different sources vary greatly, with a coefficient of variation from 27.26% to 72.50%. Among them, wheat from Kazakhstan ranks first in Ca, Zn, Se, and Mg contents; wheat from Australia ranks first in Fe content, and wheat from China has higher Fe and Se contents. The coefficient of variation of mineral element content measured in wheat from different sources in China was from 27.95% to 68.00%. The Ca and Fe content of wheat from Yunnan, the Zn content of wheat from Xinjiang, the Se content of wheat from Shanxi, and the Mg content of wheat from Hebei ranked first. Correlation analysis showed that the contents of Ca, Mg, and Zn in wheat were significantly correlated (P<0.01), indicating that the contents of Ca, Mg, and Zn in wheat grains could be increased simultaneously. Based on the content of the five mineral elements, the number of wheat that met the recommended standards for 1, 2, and 3 mineral element content was selected to be 19, 4, and 5, respectively. Based on principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation values, 10 wheat samples with high mineral element content were selected. The protein content of wheat with high Ca content was significantly higher than that of wheat with low Ca content (P<0.05).

To explore the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on male fertility of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile wheat line BNS366, BNS366 and its near-isogenic line Zhengmai 366 were used as materials, which were sown under conditions of normal sowing in autumn (from October 10 to October 13) and late sowing (on December 1), respectively. In the growth seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was used to detect the endogenous SA content in young panicles and anthers from the differentiation stage of pistil and stamen primordium to anthesis. In the growth season of 2023-2024, the wheat was sprayed with 6 different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mmol·L^-1 ) of SA solution. The SA treatments began from the connective stage that the length of the spike was 1.0 cm and stopped just before anthesis. I₂-KI method was used to detect frequency of fertile pollen grains at anthesis stage. National and international methods were used to determine the self-seeding rate. The results showed that in the growth seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, compared with Zhengmai 366 sown on the same date, under the conditions of normal sowing in autumn (in the growth seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023) and late sowing (in the growth season of 2021-2022), the content of SA in young panicles of BNS366 (completely or high level of male sterility) was lower from the differentiation stage of pistil and stamen primordium to the tetrad stage, and higher in anthers at the uninucleate stage with small-vacuole and the trinucleate stage, and for BNS366 (fertility) under the conditions of late sowing (in the growth season of 2022-2023), the SA content was higher in panicles at the connective stage and in anthers at the uninucleate stage with small-vacuole. In the growth season of 2023-2024, under the conditions of normal sowing in autumn and late sowing, under the treatment of 2.0 mmol·L^-1 SA, the international self-seeding rate of Zhengmai 366 was significantly increased by 28.16 and 31.25 percentage points than CK (0 mmol·L^-1), respectively, and under the conditions of normal sowing in autumn, the national and international self-seeding rate of BNS366 was significantly increased by 1.25 and 1.76 percentage points than CK, respectively. However under the conditions of late sowing, under the treatment of 0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA, the frequency of fertile pollen grains of BNS366 was significantly decreased by 37.97 percentage points than CK. Under the two sowing conditions, there were no significant differences in the three indices above mentioned of Zhengmai 366 and BNS366 under others SA treatments compared with CK. It was indicated that the lack of SA from the differentiation stage of pistil and stamen primordium to the tetrad stage might promote the occurrence of male-sterility; furthermore the exogenous SA increased the self-seeding rate of Zhengmai 366 (fertility) and BNS366 (male sterility), and decreased the frequency of fertile pollen grains of BNS366 (fertility).

In order to explore the most efficient fertilization method of slow-release fertilizer in naked barley, Suluomai 2 was used as the experimental material, polymer coated urea (PCU) and urea (U) were selected as the nitrogen resources. Eight fertilization modes were designed. They were 100% PCU as basic fertilizer (T₁), 75% PCU and 25% U as basic fertilizer (T₂), 50% PCU and 50% U as basic fertilizer (T₃), 25% PCU and 75% U as basic fertilizer (T₄), 100% U as basic fertilizer (T₅), 60% PCU as basic fertilizer and 40% PCU as re-greening fertilizer (T₆) and 0 N (CK₀), respectively, and 100% U (basal∶seedling∶jointing∶booting as 50∶10∶25∶15) was the control (CK). The effects of different fertilization models on growth period, yield and its components, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and quality of naked barley were studied. The results showed that the growth period of the T₃, T₄, T₅ and T₆ models was significantly shorter than that of CK. The yield and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency of the T₆ model were the highest, which was increased by 2.35% and 2.12% than that of CK, respectively, mainly due to the increase of panicle number and 1 000-grain weight. The yield and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency of the T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅models which used all nitrogen as basic fertilizer were lower than those of CK. The T₃ model had the lowest amylose content, but the highest amylopectin content and soluble dietary fiber content, which was decreased by 34.11%, but increased by 37.60% and 22.21% than those of CK, respectively. Thus, the T₃ model had the best quality. The correlation analysis of 10 quantitative traits showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with panicle number (P<0.01), spikelet number per panicle (P<0.01), and crude protein content (P<0.05), which indicated that panicle number, spikelet number per panicle, and crude protein content can be used as the main target traits for high yield naked barley varieties breeding. Taken together, the T₆ model (60% PCU as basic fertilizer, 40% PCU as re-greening fertilizer) was recommended, as it was conducive to achieving the purpose of increasing production and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency; while the T₃ model (50% PCU and 50% U as basic fertilizer) would be a better choice to achieve the naked barley with better quality. These two models could be recommended as fertilization patterns for naked barley.

L-carvone, a volatile monoterpene compound, widely present in herbaceous plants, such as Labiatae and Umbelliferae, exhibits excellent antifungal effects against common plant pathogens. To further clarify the fumigation antifungal activity of L-carvone on wheat Fusarium crown rot (FCR) pathogens and investigate its inhibitory mechanism, this experiment employed the mycelial growth rate method to determine the fumigation inhibitory activity of L-carvone against four FCR pathogens. The infection ability and morphological changes of Fusarium pseudograminearum mycelium after fumigation with L-carvone were observed and analyzed to explore its antifungal mechanism. The results showed that L-carvone exhibited strong fumigation inhibitory effects on all the tested FCR pathogens; the EC₅₀ (the concentration of the agent that achieves a 50% inhibition rate against the tested pathogen) for F. asiaticum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, F. pseudograminearum, and F. proliferatum were 2.13, 6.12, 7.20, and 19.05 μL·L^-1, respectively. After fumigation treatment with L-carvone, the hyphae of F. pseudocercosporum exhibited abnormalities, breakage, and leakage of protoplasm, with a significant increase in extracellular relative conductivity, reaching up to 232.07%. Leakage of nucleic acids and proteins increased, with absorbance values at 260 and 280 nm reaching 2.20 and 1.33, respectively. PI staining results indicated that the cell membrane integrity of F. pseudocercosporum was disrupted and permeability was enhanced after fumigation treatment with L-carvone. The study demonstrated that L-carvone had a good control effect on FCR.