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In order to explore the effects of long-term straw returning in different seasons on the quality of wheat seedlings in lime concretion black soil area of Huaibei Plain in Anhui Province, based on the long-term positioning test of wheat-maize in the Crop Cultivation Scientific Observation Station of East China of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the differences in agronomic traits and dry matter accumulation of winter wheat seedlings under four different straw returning modes for 15 years were compared and analyzed, including no straw returning (CK), total crushing and mulching of wheat straw (T1), total crushing and mulching of wheat straw+total crushing and burying of corn straw (T2) and total crushing and burying of corn straw (T3). The results showed that compared with no straw returning, straw returning reduced the number of secondary roots, root volume and average root diameter of wheat from three-leaf stage to five-leaf stage, but promoted root growth from six-leaf stage to over-wintering stage. At the over-wintering stage, the number of secondary roots of T1, T2, and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 18.64%, 16.95%, and 11.86%, respectively, compared with CK. The root volume and average root diameter were significantly increased by 16.89%, 29.63%, 20.63% and 19.26%, 12.73%, 14.42%, respectively, compared with CK. Straw returning increased the seedling height, leaf area index, stem per plant and dry matter weight of wheat seedlings from three-leaf stage to over-wintering stage. From six-leaf stage to over-wintering period, the photosynthetic potential of T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased by 11.77%, 9.45% and 3.54%, respectively, compared with CK. Two independent comprehensive indices were extracted by principal component analysis of the 10 indices at over-wintering stage, and their contribution rates were 68.428% and 26.961%, respectively, representing 95.389% of the contribution of all data. The comprehensive score of evaluation index of wheat seedling quality in each treatment ranked as T1>T2>T3>CK. In summary, long-term straw returning can improve the quality of seedlings by promoting the growth and development of wheat roots and aboveground plants. Among them, the full crushing and mulching of wheat straw in single season has the best effect on improving the quality of seedlings.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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