Accurate measurement of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock is the foundation of support design and rock mass stability analysis. By conducting indoor drilling tests on rocks with different strengths, the energy conversion and dissipation during the drilling process were analyzed, and the relationship between various forms of energy and rock strength in the process was studied. The results show that among the mechanical energy input by the drill bit, the torque work accounts for more than 95%, while the drilling pressure work accounts for no more than 5%. The energy input by the drill bit is mainly converted into the surface energy of drill cuttings, with an average conversion rate of 95.6%, and the average conversion rate of thermal energy is 4.2%. There is an obvious linear relationship between the net specific drilling work and the uniaxial compressive strength of mortar specimens with different strengths. The relational equation between the net specific drilling work and strength is obtained by fitting. This equation has been verified by using the drilling test results of concrete, sandstone and granite, with a maximum discrepancy rate of 5.07%. Relational equations between the surface energy of drill cuttings, thermal energy, acoustic energy and rock strength were obtained by fitting, and the relationships between various forms of energy and rock strength can be verified with each other. The drilling measurement method for rock strength based on drilling energy has good applicability.

Aiming at the erosion damage of backfill materials caused by sulfate solution erosion and dry-wet cycling, dry-wet cycling tests of backfill specimens were carried out in tap water and sodium sulfate solutions with mass concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the microstructures of the backfill were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The damage evolution law and erosion damage mechanism of the backfill were studied. The test results show that after 120 times of dry-wet cycling, the mass of the backfill decreases by only 0.19% in the tap water environment. However, the mass losses under the erosion of sodium sulfate solutions with mass concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9% are 0.73%, 1.52% and 3.64% respectively, and the mass reduction amplitude increases in a gradient manner with the increase of solution concentration. Under the condition of the same sodium sulfate solution concentration, the uniaxial compressive strength of the backfill specimens shows a gradual decreasing trend with the increase of the times of dry-wet cycling. After undergoing 30 times of dry-wet cycling of erosion in a 3% sodium sulfate solution, the uniaxial compressive strength of the backfill increases from 14.36 MPa to 14.85 MPa. The free sulfate ions in the sodium sulfate solution enter the backfill and chemically react to form ettringite. A small amount of ettringite is filled into the internal pores of the backfill, which enhances the mechanical properties of the backfill to a certain extent. However, with the increase of ettringite, the density of microscopic defects in the backfill increases, resulting in a gradual decline in its strength.

To investigate the characteristics of heavy metal pollution and its spatial distribution patterns in the soil around the Qidashan iron mine, three types of single pollution sources (open-pit mine, waste rock dump, and tailings pond) and their multi-pollution source areas were selected as the study objects. Soil samples were systematically collected, and the concentrations of four heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu) and physical and chemical properties of soil were measured. A spatial distribution model was constructed by using the inverse distance weighting interpolation method, and correlation analysis was conducted to explore the migration patterns of soil pollutants under both single and multi-pollution source conditions. The results show that the concentrations of all four heavy metals generally exceed the background values of Liaoning Province, among them, Ni pollution is the most prominent. Horizontally, the heavy metal contents in the soil around single pollution sources decrease with increasing distance, while the multi-pollution source composite area exhibits a center-high distribution pattern. Vertically, heavy metals show overall enrichment in the surface layer, but in some areas, influenced by rainfall leaching and soil adsorption, a "low at surface layer-high at middle layer-low at deep layer" distribution phenomenon has been observed. Correlation analysis indicates that the spatial distribution of heavy metals is jointly influenced by pollution source types, distance, and physical and chemical properties of soil such as pH, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity. This study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention, control, and ecological remediation of soil pollution in mining areas.

To scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of ecological restoration in open-pit mining areas, a comprehensive assessment system comprising five indicators, including vegetation coverage, soil moisture, soil and water conservation, air quality and landscape ecological risk, was established from both macro and micro perspectives, based on multi-source data such as remote sensing, precipitation, and soil information. Taking the Quzhai mining area for cement in Luquan, Shijiazhuang as the experimental area, quantitative assessment of ecological restoration status from 2021 to 2023 was carried out. The results show that from 2021 to 2023, the overall vegetation coverage in the mining area increases, soil moisture improves, soil erosion decreases, air quality improves, and the proportion of areas with "good" comprehensive restoration effects increases from 47.38% to 57.74%, reflecting the overall effectiveness of restoration measures. However, the proportion of "relatively poor" and "poor" level areas has also increases, mainly due to ecological risks caused by local landscape fragmentation and land use type conversion. Therefore, it is recommended to implement refined management for high-risk areas, as well as optimize vegetation configuration and landscape connectivity, in order to enhance the overall quality and sustainability of ecological restoration in mining areas. The evaluation method constructed in this study can provide a reference for monitoring, assessment, and scientific management of ecological restoration in mining areas.

Biodiversity conservation becomes an increasingly prominent global concern and a central element of sustainable development, integrating biodiversity protection into mining activities is essential for fulfilling corporate social responsibility and enhancing overall competitiveness. China's biodiversity conservation efforts in the mining sector are currently undergoing a transition from being primarily policy-driven to increasingly characterized by technological integration and systematic practice, with an urgent need for further refinement and enhancement of methodological frameworks and implementation pathways. Grounded in the mitigation hierarchy framework, an internationally accepted biodiversity management tool, it systematically sorts out and refines the key biodiversity conservation action paths that need to be focused on in different phases of mines. In the project development phase, comprehensive baseline biodiversity assessments and socio-economic impact evaluations were conducted to inform tailored biodiversity management plans. During the operational phase, effective implementation of management plans was ensured through continuous ecological monitoring and adaptive management. In the transition phase from operation to closure, systematic restoration and rehabilitation efforts were carried out, striving to rebuild stable, self-regulating local ecosystems. At closure, the focus shifted to long-term ecosystem functionality and sustainable land use, supported by closed-loop management and ecological compensation mechanisms to align environmental conservation with regional development. Taking the Ambatovy Nickel and Cobalt Mine in Madagascar as a representative case, the biodiversity conservation practices under the mitigation hierarchy framework was analyzed. The study aims to provide insights for the development of biodiversity-friendly mines across the whole life cycle in China, thereby supporting mining enterprises in achieving high-quality and green development.

In order to reduce the cost of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), the effects of industrial-grade bovine bone protein peptone dosages, soya peptone dosages, sodium chloride dosages and urea dosages on the microbial quantity OD₆₀₀ value and urease activity of Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured for 16 hours were studied. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the optimal ratio of industrial culture medium. And the microbial quantity OD₆₀₀ value and urease activity of the bacterial solution under the optimal ratio were detected. After the bacterial solution cultured for 16 hours reacting with different concentrations of cementing solution, the amount of calcium carbonate produced by the two reactions was measured, and the calcium carbonate crystals was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the optimal medium ratio is 25 g/L of bovine bone protein peptone, 7.5 g/L of soya peptone, 5 g/L of industrial sodium chloride, 22.2 g/L of industrial urea, and 1 000 mL of pure water. The OD₆₀₀ value of Sporosarcina pasteurii liquid cultured for 16 hours under this ratio is 1.672, and the urease activity is 0.037 mmol/(L·min), both of which are within the prediction error, indicating feasibility of the results. The content of calcium carbonate generated by cementation under the two media is not much different, and the cementation effect of industrial-grade culture medium bacterial solution is stronger than that of analytical pure culture medium bacterial solution. The research results can provide a low-cost medium ratio scheme for the large-scale engineering application of MICP.

To investigate the synergistic mechanism of uranium tailings reinforced by sodium silicate synergized with Sporosarcina pasteurii, a uranium tailings was taken as the research object. By measuring the OD value and pH of Sporosarcina pasteurii in the environment containing sodium silicate, the effects of sodium silicate solutions with different modulus and different mass fraction on the growth law of Sporosarcina pasteurii were analyzed. Based on the microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, the experiment of uranium tailings column reinforced by sodium silicate synergized with Sporosarcina pasteurii was carried out, and the unconfined uniaxial compressive strength of uranium tailings columns in each group was compared and analyzed. The results show that sodium silicate with an appropriate mass fraction and modulus can significantly improve the unconfined uniaxial compressive strength of uranium tailings columns. The effect of sodium silicate solution with a modulus of 2.3 and a mass fraction of 5% is the best, and the corresponding unconfined uniaxial compressive strength of the uranium tailings column reaches 284 Pa, which is 11.8% higher than that of the single Sporosarcina pasteurii reinforcement group of 254 Pa. The results of X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) show that the precipitates formed in all experimental groups are mainly calcium carbonate crystals. Compared with the single Sporosarcina pasteurii control group, the calcite crystals formed therein have a higher proportion and better crystallization thermodynamic stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results further confirm that after the addition of sodium silicate solution, more calcium carbonate crystals are formed, the crystal surface are smoother and flatter, and the structure is more compact. The research results provide theoretical guidance for improving the reinforcement technology of uranium tailings reservoir.

To scientifically and reasonably evaluate the level of emergency rescue system construction, 26 indicator factors were selected from four dimensions: pre-emergency prevention, pre-emergency preparation, in-process emergency rescue, and post-recovery and reconstruction. The interval analytic hierarchy process-improved CRITIC method was used to calculate the weight of each indicator factor, and the grey correlation method was used to improve the traditional VIKOR method. A multi-criteria compromise decision-making model for the emergency rescue system of metal mines based on combination weighting-grey VIKOR was proposed. Taking five underground metal mines as the research background, the established model was applied to evaluate the emergency rescue system. The evaluation results were compared with the weighted grey correlation method and weighted TOPSIS method, and the differentiation analysis of emergency rescue system construction was carried out based on the radar chart method. The results show that the evaluation results of the model are reasonable and reliable, with stronger applicability and higher identification, verifying the feasibility of the combination weighting-grey VIKOR model in the evaluation of emergency rescue systems in metal mines.

To meet the regulatory demands of systematization, legalization, scientization, long-cycle operation and democratization for mine ecological security in the context of the new era, a comprehensive regulatory framework based on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) was established through relevant research. This framework is formulated in accordance with 8 design criteria, namely problem objects, design scales, natural attributes of solutions, benefit evaluation, solution feasibility, solution management processes, adaptive management modes and sustainability, and focuses on the ecological security supervision of mines throughout the full life cycle of mining activities, including the stages of mine survey and design, mining operation, and mine closure and maintenance. In response to the risks and challenges faced by mine ecological security in Guangdong Province, such as the contradiction between mine ecological and environmental protection and economic development, the overlap between development space and protection space, and the severe ecological and environmental problems caused by mining development, innovative paths and strategies for mine ecological security supervision in Guangdong Province in the new era are explored from six aspects, including forward-looking layout, source control, nature enhancement, nature coordination, multi-stakeholder governance, and technological innovation. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for mine ecological security supervision in Guangdong Province and even across the whole country.

Aiming at the problems of high cost in manual scheduling and low vehicle utilization rate for trackless rubber-tyred vehicles in underground coal mines, an intelligent scheduling model was established to coordinately optimize transportation efficiency and environmental performance. Firstly, the MT-CVRPTW model integrating hard time windows, cargo taboos and mileage constraints was established. Secondly, a bi-objective optimization model with the objectives of minimizing the total cost and carbon emissions was constructed, and a Parallel Genetic Algorithm-Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (PGA-ALNS) hybrid optimization framework based on PGA and ALNS was proposed. The results of the simulation experiments show that, through the two-layer collaborative mechanism of the global search of PGA and the dynamic neighborhood optimization of ALNS, combined with the time-sensitive weight strategy and elite retention mechanism, the algorithm keeps the carbon emission cost at the minimum. Compared with the Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Algorithm, its total transportation cost is reduced by 11.1% and 7.6% respectively, the total distance is reduced by 10.7% and 4.7% respectively, and the solution time is shortened by 40.2% and 36.1% respectively. For the scheduling scheme optimized by the PGA-ALNS algorithm, its average vehicle load rate reaches 94.16%. This method effectively improves the economic efficiency and environmental friendliness of underground transportation, and provides a technical path for the construction of intelligent mines.