In the process of building a new electricity system and constructing a new energy system, China is facing the challenges of large−scale development and consumption of renewable energy and the green and low−carbon transformation of coal−fired power. Electricity−hydrogen−carbon coupling organically integrates renewable energy, coal−fired power, hydrogen production and carbon utilization, realizing the co−production of electricity and products such as hydrogen, ammonia and alcohol, providing a new path for economically and efficiently solving the two problems, and achieving the transformation of the energy system from high carbon to low−carbon and ultimately zero carbon through the "three−step approach". To achieve the development of electricity−hydrogen−carbon coupling, collaborative efforts are needed in top−level design, technical research and industrial chain construction.

The soil carbon reservoir, the largest terrestrial carbon pool, plays a critical role in regulating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and climate change. Conventional research paradigms often treat soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) separately, limiting the predictive capability for soil carbon cycle dynamics. This review systematically synthesizes the formation and sequestration mechanisms of SOC and SIC. SOC stability is maintained by a complex "multi−assemblage" involving chemical recalcitrance, physical protection, mineral associated stabilization, and microbial regulation (e.g., the Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP). In contrast, SIC dynamics are governed by chemical precipitation−dissolution equilibria, biologically driven processes, and physical transport, with its perceived role evolving from a 'static geologic reservoir' to a 'dynamic carbon sink'. A key advancement is the revelation of deep biogeochemical coupling between SOC and SIC: CO₂ released from SOC decomposition drives the formation of secondary carbonates, while pH and Ca²⁺ concentration regulated by SIC dissolution, in turn, feedback on SOC stability and microbial activity. Building on this, we propose a novel "SOC−SIC−Climate" tripartite coupling framework, elucidating their dynamic pathways—including synergistic enhancement, trade−off compensation, and critical instability—under the forcing of external factors (climate, minerals, biology, human activities). Finally, translating mechanistic understanding into practice, we propose region−specific regulation and carbon management strategies (e.g., calcium cycle regulation, Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)) tailored to different climate zones and land−use types. This aims to transform soil from a passive sink into an actively managed climate buffer, providing a scientific foundation for advancing Earth system theory and optimizing carbon neutrality pathways.

With China's "Dual Carbon" goals (carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060) entering a critical implementation window, the next five years represent a decisive phase for determining the success of this transition. As one of the core supports of clean energy systems, electrochemical energy technology is witnessing unprecedented development opportunities. Based on the latest policy orientations and technological trends, this study analyzes the current status, target pathways, and strategic actions for electrochemical energy storage and conversion against the "countdown" backdrop of the Dual Carbon initiative. Against the escalating global climate crisis and growing energy security concerns, clean energy has emerged as a central direction for the worldwide energy transition. The development of clean energy not only helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions but also promotes the diversification of energy mix and enhances energy security. Consequently, the clean energy sector is facing new development opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide a systematic exploration of the development status, technological innovations, market trends, and application prospects across five key areas: electrocatalysis, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium batteries, and bioenergy, thereby offering insights to support the further deployment and sustainable development of clean energy.

The dual pressures of urbanization and climate change are intensifying the urban heat island effect, carbon emissions, and air pollution, posing significant challenges to environmental sustainability and urban livability. As the demand for multiobjective coordinated management of urban ecological environments continues to increase, integrating heat, carbon, and pollution into a unified framework for comprehensive assessment has become a key direction for future urban planning and policy−making. This article systematically compares and analyzes the consistency between global development agendas and the goals of reducing urban heat, carbon, and pollution, highlighting the significant potential and advantages of new−generation information technologies in intelligent optimization and coordinated scheduling, data fusion and analysis, real−time monitoring and feedback, and decision support and simulation. From the new perspective of urban spatial form, it comprehensively reviews the specific content, challenges, and future issues in conducting multi−scale, multi−dimensional "heat−carbon−pollution" multi−objective coordinated reduction planning. It provides innovative solutions for multi−objective coordinated management and sustainable development of "heat−carbon−pollution" in Chinese cities.

Hydrogen energy, recognized globally as a clean energy source, demonstrates significant potential in supporting climate commitments and energy transition. Driven by the "dual carbon" target, China's hydrogen energy industry has entered a rapid development phase. This paper focuses on emerging hydrogen energy application sectors, such as transportation, electricity, and construction. Relevant policies and cases from several developed countries in recent years are summarized. Current status and achievements of domestic hydrogen energy applications in the three sectors are reviewed and also some key issues. Finally, a development pathway for hydrogen energy which conforms to China's national conditions and some forward−looking recommendations are proposed. The purpose of this paper is to provide support for the steady development of hydrogen energy in China.

This paper systematically reviews the concept of green methanol fuel, and conducts a comparative analysis of the main manufacturing technology paths, emission reduction potential, as well as the advantages and disadvantages for the major routes, including the biomass path, the electricity−based path and the electricity−biomass coupling path, etc. We summarize the relevant policies on methanol fuel for the water transportation industry at the national and industry levels, clearly stating to promote the pilot application of methanol fuel in coastal and inland river vessels, and to accelerate the construction of methanol refueling stations, storage facilities and other supporting facilities. A review has been conducted of the current green methanol−related standards in China, including guidelines for methanol fuel for ships and group standards focusing on the evaluation of green methanol and the carbon footprint assessment of green methanol products. Related policies and standards are still in the initial stage. At the same time, based on the low−emission analysis platform LEAP, a comprehensive assessment model for carbon emissions prediction of China's water transportation industry is constructed to quantitatively calculate the total energy consumption and carbon emissions of China's water transportation industry in the medium and long term. It is estimated that the total energy consumption will be about 58~85 million tce, and the total emissions will decrease to 30~120 million tons CO₂. Based on the above analysis, suggestions for the future development of marine green methanol fuel industry in China are proposed, including: continuously tracking and deeply participating in the IMO’s negotiations on the net−zero framework and related rules construction; combining the internal and external water industry advantages to conduct in−depth quantitative research on the dual−carbon transformation path of the water industry; and taking the lead through trials and experiments, step by step to systematically promote the development of green methanol in China.

Methanol as fuel, particularly for the green methanol by its clean burning characteristics and easy availability with liquified energy as well as abundant application scenarios is assist it transform from shipping, transportation and industry and so on to the global energy transition as well as realization for the goal of "Double Carbon". According to the transformation of methanol from chemical to fuel, the review reports that various forms of methanol as fuel are used in industry and power units respectively, particularly introducing the status of usages in internal combustion engines and their technical characteristics in applications for reference in futural development. Taking the advantage of the huge productive capability of our country, and promoting the green methanol application as well as its development, many proposals are provided based on the following issues such as the policy support and technical improvements and so on.

Biological carbon fixation is crucial to the Earth's carbon cycle and is one of the effective ways to transform CO₂ and manage carbon emissions. Chemoautotrophs, with their unique metabolic strategies and environmental adaptability, play an important role in this process. They are able to convert CO₂ into valuable organic products, solving the problem of limited CO₂ utilization. However, the carbon fixation potential of chemoautotrophs in controlled systems has not been fully explored. This review illustrates the possible challenges of stable culture of chemoautotrophic bacteria in bioreactor. Based on this, a series of physical, chemical and biological methods are proposed to regulate the carbon metabolism of chemoautotrophic bacteria and improve their carbon fixation efficiency. Further, the application prospects of chemoautotrophic carbon fixation in controlled systems are expected, including improving the primary productivity of natural ecosystems, reducing carbon emissions in specific sites, and producing high−value microbial by−products. This review highlights the advantages and challenges of these applications, providing important insights into carbon capture, fixation and conversion by chemoautotrophs.

While diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generative tasks, their application to visual perception tasks such as depth estimation and portrait segmentation remains underexplored. This paper proposes Diffusion Perception, a unified framework based on diffusion models for high−quality depth estimation and portrait segmentation. By reformulating traditional perception tasks as conditional generation problems, the framework leverages the denoising characteristics of latent diffusion models (LDMs) to optimize prediction results in latent space. The innovative design incorporates three core processing stages: multimodal feature encoding, noise input prediction, and text−controlled feature extraction and reconstruction, enabling the transition of diffusion models from generative paradigms to visual perception task paradigms. Experimental results demonstrate that on our custom depth estimation dataset, the proposed method achieves evaluation metrics of 93.98% Relative Accuracy (RR), 99.61% Plane Estimation Accuracy (Plane), and 93.61% Scene Consistency (Consistence), outperforming existing state−of−the−art depth estimation methods. Furthermore, in portrait segmentation tasks, the method achieves Intersection over Union (IoU) and mean IoU (mIoU) scores of 96.98% and 91.98% respectively, surpassing existing segmentation algorithms. This study provides novel insights into applying diffusion models in visual perception, where their generative paradigm naturally handles prediction uncertainty and is well−suited for robust perception in dynamic environments.

The collaborative development of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization is a complex system and an important way to promote the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry. In this paper, the collaboration degree of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization in various regions of China is measured by cloud model and composite system cooperation degree model. It is found that the development of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization is spatially related in China, and the development of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization in one region often drives the development of corresponding subsystems in other regions. The degree of cooperative development of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization has little relationship with the region. In the process of promoting the cooperative development of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization, each region should formulate corresponding policies according to local conditions.

In the context of the intersection between technological competition and geopolitical security, research governance is increasingly oriented towards national security. In 2025, with Trump's return to power, U.S. research policy rapidly shifts from "open collaboration" to "security−driven" priorities, with comprehensive adjustments in research funding, cooperation mechanisms, talent policies, and regulatory systems. This paper first reviews the institutional foundations of the U.S. as a technological superpower and systematically analyzes the policy shifts under the Trump 2.0 administration in areas such as research budgets, international collaboration, talent mobility, and issue regulation, revealing a paradigm shift in the U.S. research system. It then further analyzes the response strategies of major countries and outlines the restructuring trends in the global research landscape. The study concludes that the U.S. policy shift is driving the global research landscape towards a more polarized and diversified structure. Finally, it suggests that China should build a research governance system with strategic resilience and global adaptability.

"Science for the sake of science" is an ancient scientific tradition. Under the influence of H. Poincaré's ideas, scholars of the Republic of China defended the rationality of this scientific concept and attitude from multiple perspectives. Their many discourses undoubtedly have reference and enlightening significance for us to pay attention pure science or basic research today, as well as to achieve scientific discoveries or inventions from 0 to 1 today.