For the event sponsored by Science & Technology Review to select Chinese annual top advances in science, technology and engineering, altogether top 10 scientific, top 10 technological and top 10 engineering achievements during January 1 to December 31 of 2019 have been selected from respective published influential academic journals and scientific newspapers. The selection procedure involved screening and recommending candidates internally, followed by appraisal of experts including editorial board members and external reviewers. This article introduces these achievements in a time sequence of publishing.

The big data play an indispensable role not only in a wide range of science fields and engineering applications, but also in the cognitive mechanisms of the sensation, the quantification, the qualification, the estimation, the measurement, the memory, and the reasoning of human beings. This paper reviews the basic studies of the theoretical foundations of the big data science, as well as a coherent set of general principles and analytic methodologies for the big data systems. The cognitive foundations of big data are explored in order to formally explain the origin and the nature of the big data. A set of mathematical models of the big data are created to rigorously elicit the general essences and patterns of the big data across pervasive domains in science, engineering, and society. A significant finding about the big data science is that the big data systems in nature are a recursively typed hyperstructure (RTHS) rather than pure numbers. The fundamental topological properties of the big data reveal a set of denotational mathematical solutions for dealing with the inherited complexities and unprecedented challenges in big data engineering.

Basic researches of big data science have triggered the emergence of mathematical theories of big data systems. This paper presents a rigorous analytic methodology for big data science and engineering known as Big Data Algebra (BDA). The mathematical models of big data science in BDA are formally elicited from common patterns and essences of a wide variety of big data systems. BDA reveals that any big data system is a Recursively Typed Hyperstructure (RTHS) beyond the traditional domain of pure numbers. It leads to a set of algebraic operators for big data modeling, analysis, and synthesis towards the denotational mathematical structure of BDA. The formal principles and properties of big data and their mathematical manipulations provide a theoretical framework of big data science as the basis for applications in big data engineering.

With the growth of data generated by human activities, the scale, the type and the demands for the data visualization have expanded greatly. In the big data era, the data visualization faces many challenges. In this paper, based on the characteristics and the requirements of the big data, and the current research states of the data visualization, the common data visualization techniques are reviewed. Eight important challenges that the data visualization has to deal with in the big data applications are highlighted. The AutoVis, a data-aware interactive visualization design platform, is specially discussed, as well as its applications.

The rapid development of the big data technology brings about the emergence of various big data products. Today, the ecosystem based on various big data products is very large. Behind the prosperity, the current state of the development of the big data products is difficult to understand for users and practitioners. This paper reviews the core technology of the big data products from two perspectives:the data storage and analysis. Based on the results of authoritative evaluation organizations, the current situation of the big data products in the domestic market is analyzed. Looking forward to the future, China's big data product R&D needs the participations of the open source community, the cultivation of compound talents, the product segmentation and the interdisciplinary collaborative innovation.

Since the launching of the series laws and regulations on network security, the audition of network products and services, data security, there are growing needs for big data service providers for compliance implementation. In order to respond to the data security risks sufficiently and ensure the compliance to network security laws and regulations on big data related business operations, this paper summarizes the key definitions of big data security, the major risks in big data security, and describes the big data security objectives, key security protection technology and mechanisms for big data platforms, as a reference to practitioners in the big data industry.

The Google's GFS and Big Table have broken the limitations of the technology of having to use the relational databases to manage the big data in the past decade. A number of open source big data management systems, such as the Apache Hadoop, carry the technology further by developing more matured technologies and applications. This paper reviews the big data management systems in addressing the usage scenarios of the OLTP and the OLAP based on the Apache software, and the state of art of the data storage engine, the data partition, the data replication, the distributed system protocol, together with a comparison of the pros and the cons of the current distributed file system, the key value store, and the time series database.

How to avoid the privacy and information leakage in the massive data is a widespread concern in the field of the big data and the information security. The data desensitization technology is one of the important means to solve this problem. In recent years, with the rapid development of the artificial intelligence technology driven by the big data and the high-performance computing, a large number of innovative methods were proposed, with many challenges to the existing data desensitization methods. This paper reviews the current situation of the big data and intelligent technology development, and the data desensitization technology, as well as the future development trends of the data desensitization technology.

The urban function mix is a key element in the scheme of improving the efficiency and the vitality. Also, it serves as a significant principle in the modern urban planning. Therefore, the determination of the function mix level of a city and the adoption of effective optimization strategies are essential for the construction of human-oriented cities. A new approach is proposed in this paper for the evaluation of the urban function mix based on the multi-source geospatial big data by combining the spatial layout and the actual condition of the utilization together, to incorporate the characteristics of both supply and demand of urban functions. The method is then applied to explore the spatial characteristics and factors of the urban function mix of the region inside the sixth ring of Beijing. The results suggest that urban function is a common phenomenon in Beijing, and it should be considered as a fundamental principle in the urban planning and management. From the perspective of spatial characteristics, the density of the urban function mix follows a distance decay law, which reflects the significant influence of the location and the polycentric structure. Furthermore, the relationship between the mix ratio and the spatial pattern of urban functions in blocks, dominated by different functions, is discussed. Finally, practical suggestions are made to optimize the urban function mix and to improve the urban fine governance for urban planners and decision makers.

This paper reviews the important research progresses, major strategic adjustments of the United States, Europe, Russia, and Japan, and newly lunched space science missions in 2019. The contents include the followings. The space-based platform assisted the first direct imaging of a black hole; Hubble found water vapor on habitable-zone ing; Hayabusa 2 touch down asteroid Ryugu for sample retrieval; the Twins Study showed how human body could adapt to a multitude of changes created by spaceflight environment; the United States set the goal of resending astronauts to lunar surface by 2024; Russia divided its lunar program into 4 phases and planed to complete its development path of lunar base by 2024; China successfully launched Taiji-1 gravitational wave detection experimental satellite; and NASA launched ICON to study earth's ionosphere.

In 2019, both theory and practice of urban regeneration were highly concerned and valued by academic, political and industrial circles in China. Urban regeneration has made remarkable progress in terms of policy and institution construction, transformation of work path and method, improvement of urban governance and realization of urban comprehensive transformation goals. Characteristic practice paths such as responsible planners and community planners have emerged, as well as different practice innovation in the regeneration of historic blocks, old residential quarters, old industrial districts and industrial heritage areas, public space, etc.

Smart city is a complex giant system that integrates technology, humanity, and socio-economics. In 2019, the research and practice on smart city have made significant breakthroughs in common key application technology, data platform integration and application model innovation. This article focuses on six aspects, including smart city and sustainable development, smart technology and smart facility, big data platform and "smart brain", digital twin cities and smart spaces, smart services and smart lives, and data-driven smart management.

With continuous promotion of construction of "healthy China", healthy city is receiving more and more attention, and the relevant research continues to deepen. Based on the literature, important research reports and conferences at home and abroad in 2019, this paper divides the research on healthy city into three categories:theoretical research on healthy city planning, research on the impact of building environment on public health, and research on the evaluation index system of healthy city, and a review of hotspots in research and practice is presented. At the same time, it analyzes the practical results of healthy city planning. At last, the paper points out that the research and practice of healthy city should closely combine with each other, pay attention to basic empirical research, realize evidence-based practice, and establish collaborative innovation mechanism, so as to promote the development of healthy cities in China.

This paper summarizes the progress of China's hydrogen industry in 2019, analyzes the problems and draws up the experience and lessons from four aspects:policy-making, industrial development, basic research and international cooperation. Then, based on an in-depth analysis of hot news and events, some specific suggestions for the future development of hydrogen energy industry are put forward.

Droplet manipulation is of great significance for multidisciplinary researches including life science, materials science, analytical chemistry and engineering thermal management. In 2019, the research on droplet manipulation achieved significant progress in solid-liquid collision, precise manipulation, etc. This paper reviews the research hotspots and representative achievements in the field of droplet behavior control in 2019, including precise regulation of solid-liquid collision, programmable droplet transport and development of a new digital micro-flow control technology.

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) which performs adaptive filtering in spatial and temporal domains is a key technology for clutter suppression and target detection in moving platform radar system. In recent years, STAP technology has developed rapidly and its application field is also expanding. This article reviews the hot topics and important research progress in the field of STAP in 2019 and discusses new STAP trends.

Safety system engineering is mainly to forecast, evaluate and control systemic risks, including accident cause theory, safety evaluation, safety management and early warning and emergency response. In 2019 with the rapid development of the Internet, other than continuously developing classic research subjects, the security system engineering also presented trends such as big data sharing and intelligent evaluation warning systems. Accident tree analysis has achieved a breakthrough from static planary accident tree to dynamic spacial accident tree. With the improvement of fuzzy algorithms and development of cloud computing models, the accuracy of analytic hierarchy process is improved, making safety evaluation more on line with actual situation. Construction industry, mining, chemical production and other industrial fields have more intelligent safety early warning systems and more scientific production management systems. Disaster risk prediction and emergency response systems have been put into use in some pilot cities for social public safety.

Sports medicine, as an interdisciplinary subject, achieved major progress in diagnosis and treatment, post-operative rehabilitation, application of new materials and methods, and new acknowledgement of diseases in 2019. This article reviews return to sports after ACLR, evidence based treatment of PFP, PRP application in muscle and tendon lesions, MSC application in treating osteoarthritis, and new concepts about sarcopenia as hot spots for the aforementioned fields. More achievements are also expected in the year of 2020 based on present works.