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Outline
Metal ions are important tracers of ionospheric dynamics, and their vertical transport is closely associated with the formation of ionospheric irregularities. As part of the Chinese Meridian Project, a new generation of ion resonance fluorescence lidars has been deployed at the mid−latitude stations of Mohe and Beijing and at the low−latitude station of Hainan. Together with VHF radars, ionosondes, and other instruments, these lidars constitute a coordinated observational network. This paper systematically reviews recent advances achieved with this network in understanding metal−ion upwelling and ionospheric irregularities. Mid−latitude observations show that storm−time enhancement of equatorward neutral winds can uplift Ca+ layers from the E region to altitudes of up to 350 km. Differences in magnetic dip angle between Mohe and Beijing result in distinct sensitivities of Ca+ layer uplift to geomagnetic storm conditions at the two sites. At low latitudes, observations reveal a direct association between storm−time penetration electric field–driven metal−ion upwelling and valley−region irregularities, with metal−ion layers providing the density gradients necessary for the development of gradient−drift instability. Furthermore, lidar observations have, for the first time, clearly imaged depletion and bifurcation structures associated with equatorial plasma bubbles in Ca+ density profiles. The observations demonstrate that plasma−bubble−related depletion structures can extend downward to altitudes as low as 150 km in the ionospheric valley region, revising the conventional understanding of their altitude distribution and providing important observational constraints on the generation and evolution of plasma bubbles. These findings deepen our understanding of solar−terrestrial energy coupling processes and provide concrete evidence for the close relationship between metallic ion vertical transport and the formation/manifestation of ionospheric irregularities.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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