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The Hainan coherent scatter phased−array radar (HCOPAR) operates at 47 MHz and detects meter−scale field−aligned irregularities in the low−latitude ionosphere. It is the first independently developed VHF coherent scatter phased−array radar of this type in mainland China. This review summarizes the system configuration, observing capability, and major scientific results of HCOPAR. Long−term observations reveal clear local−time, seasonal, and altitude variations in E−region irregularities. The observations also identify quasi−periodic echoes, low−altitude quasi−periodic echoes, and V−shaped echoes. Combined radar, ionosonde, meteor−radar, and geomagnetic observations constrain the spatial structures and possible excitation processes of these echoes. The results indicate that neutral−wind shear, plasma density gradients, and geomagnetic disturbances can influence E−region irregularities. For the F region, statistical studies characterize the occurrence of nighttime echoes and their dependence on ionospheric height. Daytime observations show that residual irregularities may enter the radar field of view along magnetic field lines. Radar imaging further reveals their discrete spatial structures and rapid dissipation under sunlight. Joint airglow and radar measurements distinguish the distributions of meter−scale irregularities within and outside equatorial plasma bubbles. These measurements suggest that density gradients, polarization electric fields, and bubble evolution jointly regulate the irregularities. Geomagnetic disturbances can alter the motion and lifetime of F−region irregularities. Medium−scale traveling ionospheric disturbances can also modulate or trigger stripe−like echoes. The available results demonstrate the value of HCOPAR for studying multiscale coupling in the East Asian low−latitude ionosphere. Future work should combine long−term statistics, interferometric imaging, and coordinated observations from radars, optical instruments, Global Navigation Satellite System receivers, and satellites.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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