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Outline
In recent years, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, represented by Starlink, OneWeb, China Satellite Network Group, and SpaceSail (Qianfan), have developed rapidly and are carrying an increasing volume of Internet traffic. However, the high mobility of LEO satellites causes substantial variations in link capacity, latency, and packet loss, posing significant challenges to end−to−end TCP transport. Existing end−to−end transport optimization approaches for satellite networks either require modifications and upgrades to end host kernels, making large−scale deployment difficult, or are designed primarily for conventional geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites and therefore cannot readily adapt to highly dynamic and time−varying LEO environments. To overcome these limitations, this work investigates TCP performance enhancement in LEO satellite networks and proposes StarPEP, a reconfiguration−aware and transparent performance enhancing proxy (PEP). StarPEP proactively regulates the sender's transmission by adjusting the TCP receive window at the proxy. By jointly exploiting the periodic reconfiguration characteristics of LEO satellite networks and dynamic variations in round−trip time (RTT) and bottleneck bandwidth, StarPEP effectively improves TCP transport performance without requiring any modification to end hosts. We implement a prototype of StarPEP on Linux. Trace−driven emulation experiments based on real−world LEO satellite network measurements show that, in terms of the trade−off between throughput and delay, StarPEP achieves closer to the Pareto frontier without modifying end hosts. Compared with the classic PEP using Hybla as its congestion control algorithm, StarPEP reduces end−to−end latency by 94.8%~95.9% while improving throughput by 49.3%~214.0%. Compared with the classic PEP using LeoCC, StarPEP reduces end−to−end latency by 89.1%~92.6% at the cost of only a small decrease in throughput.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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