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Federated learning, as a distributed machine learning paradigm, enables collaborative multi-party learning while preserving data privacy, and has been widely deployed in various critical domains. However, its distributed nature also renders it highly vulnerable to backdoor attacks, posing serious security threats. This paper first provides a detailed analysis of the methodological taxonomies and evolutionary directions of backdoor attacks and defenses in the field of federated learning, and summarizes the latest research advances in related areas. Backdoor attack research is shifting toward realistic strategies that simultaneously pursue stealth, persistence, and low data dependency, giving rise to a variety of novel attack vectors. Meanwhile, backdoor defenses are increasingly pursuing greater universality against diverse attack types, as well as a balance between computational overhead and defensive strength within the federated learning environment. Finally, this paper reveals that backdoor attacks and defenses in federated learning are facing increasingly complex challenges, and calls for a proactive shift toward more systematic and integrated designs. On the attack side, research should pivot toward multi-objective balanced attack strategies; on the defense side, emphasis should be placed on intelligent and adaptive mechanisms, while integrating technologies such as privacy-preserving computing to strengthen security guarantees, thereby facilitating its deployment in real-world federated learning environments.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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