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As a frontier technology in the current artificial intelligence era, generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is profoundly reshaping society across multiple domains. Concomitant with the proliferation of GAI applications are the emerging security challenges at both technical and social levels. To better understand the technical and social issues brought about by GAI, it is imperative to conduct a systematic and comprehensive investigation into existing security challenges, developed countermeasures, and future directions. This paper conducts a systematic survey spanning the entire lifecycle of GAI—namely, training security, inference security, and derived security—which correspond to model training, model inference, and model application, respectively. Formal models for GAI training and inference are developed to articulate security vulnerabilities, threat surfaces, and associated factors. An in−depth analysis covers typical attacks and corresponding countermeasures at both the training and inference stages. Derived security is also investigated, referring to security risks arising from GAI applications, including misinformation, social fairness concerns, individual privacy threats, and more, followed by a review of relevant countermeasures. Future directions in GAI security governance are discussed, emphasizing controllable and trustworthy generation mechanisms, security evaluation benchmarks, accountability mechanisms, and regulatory compliance frameworks. Overall, this article conducts a comprehensive investigation into the security risks and defense measures of GAI and constructs a security research framework that covers the entire lifecycle of GAI, as well as its research status at both technical and social levels.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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