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Long−term exposure to microgravity causes significant bone loss in astronauts, posing a major threat to human health and limiting the implementation of deep−space exploration missions. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms, experimental advances, and major countermeasures related to microgravity−induced bone loss, with a particular focus on relevant research progress in China. Current evidence indicates that weightlessness disrupts the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, characterized by enhanced osteoclastic activity, impaired osteogenic function, abnormal osteocyte apoptosis, and disturbances in calcium metabolism and endocrine regulation, ultimately leading to bone mass loss. Human spaceflight studies, animal experiments, and ground−based simulation models have further revealed the multi−level effects of microgravity on bone structure and function. Although exercise, nutritional supplementation, pharmacological interventions, and mechanical stimulation can partially alleviate bone loss, their protective efficacy remains limited. Future studies should integrate multi−omics approaches with advanced simulation models to further elucidate the mechanisms of spaceflight−induced bone loss and optimize comprehensive countermeasure strategies.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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